World War II :: World War II History

humanness War IIThe Treaty of Versailles faltered to heal the bitter mess that formed between countries in World War I. It left Germany in a terrible position and gave them a desire for dictatorship. Germany had been ordered to disarm its military and put strict rules on when and how the Germans could rearm. In 1931, Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. He later rejected the treaty and establish military conscription. Mussolini also became dictator of Italy, while this was occurring. He decided to invade Ethiopia in 1935. Since Ethiopia had lesser power than that of Italys, they became under complete Italian control. The news of Germanys rearmament soon reached France. Hitler then became interested in joining the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in order to protect its security. He then pushed his plan for lebensraum and annexed Austria by force in 1938. Following this, Hitler threatened Czechoslovakia, ordering persecution of the German minorities there. Hitler and Mussolini a greed to the Germans employment of Sudentenland in September 1938. Then in March 1939, peace broke down when Hitler conquered the rest of Czechoslovakia. He soon afterward cabbageed to make orders to Poland, but they resisted at every turn. Notwithstanding the conflict with Britain and France, Hitler decided to invade Poland. In return, Great Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3, 1939. Hitler made an announcement to start a pact with the Soviet Union. As the Germans occupied Poland, the Soviets invaded the eastern part of the country with plans to take Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania in 1940. They also took Finland in 1941 and disgrace the Russian military. lacquer was also changing things in the Pacific. They had plans to conquer China and expand the Japanese Empire into southeast Asia. As this was happening, the Germans took on an approach of blitzkrieg, or lightening war. Since the Germans had no old weapons to deal with, they could easily outfit their troo ps with the best of weapons. Hitler then attempted to gain air control over the British Royal stock Force and prepare for an invasion, but the British successfully foiled the German air forces. Overturned with his downfall to take Britain, Hitler turned to the Soviet front, but was defeated as well in 1942. In 1941, the Japanese thought it was the right time to expand into Greater East Asia. The attacks on Pearl Harbor and the Philippines brought the unite States into the war and turned the war for the Allies.

Walker & Everyday Use Essay -- essays research papers

Many propagation an author draws from his or her personal life and incorporates his or her past into the short boloney. Alice footer is unmatchable of the most respected, well-known African-American authors of her time. Alice Walker sensed a lifetime of hardship that would influence her later works, helping her to become such an astonishing author. In her short story "Everyday Use", Walker tells the story of her heritage and enables the reader to encounter the values in her life.           On February 9, 1944 in Eatonton, Georgia, Willie Lee and Minnie dole out gave birth to their 8h child a precious undersize girl whom they named Alice. As an extremely intelligent child Alice was always exploring the world a meter her. "She express that one of her favorite pastimes in the world was people watching." (http//members.tripod.com/chrisdanielle/alicebio_1.html). When Walker was eight years old, she and her brother were play ing a game of cowboys and Indians outside when Alices brother accidentally pee her in the eye with a BB pellet, blinding her in her advanced eye. Although that didnt stop Alice, she went on achieving excellent grades and going on to college. She first attended Spelman College (an African-American institution) on a breakicap scholarship shed been granted. Unhappy with the way Spelmans hard-boiled her for her involvement of activism and civil rights, she accepted a scholarship from Saint Lawrence College in red-hot York. Alice was face up with great difficulties such as abortion and suicide, just now she pulled by dint of and graduated in 1965 kicking off the begging of an unforgettable and ongoing career. (http//members.tripod.com/chrisdanielle/alicebio_1.html)     By distinguishing the family-oriented round characters in the short story "Everyday Use", Alice Walker illustrates the common mistake of placing the association of heritage solely in mat erial objects. Walker presents mummy and Maggie, the younger daughter, as an example that heritage in some(prenominal) knowledge and form passes from one generation to another through a learning and experience connection. However, by a broken connection, Dee, the older daughter, represents a misconception of heritage as materialistic. During Dees visit to Mama and Maggie, the contrast of the characters becomes the conflict, because Dee... ... family values, Mama takes the quilts from Dee who "held the quilts securely in her arms, stroking them clutching them nigh to her bosom" (Walker, 91) like sacred representation, and then gives them to their rightful owner Maggie. After Mama gives Maggie the quilts, Dee says, "You just dont understand," "Your heritage" (Walker, 91). Dee believes heritage and family values to be materialistic things. Dee understands that the quilts were hand-made, but she lacks the knowledge and history behind these quilts. On the oth er hand Mama and Maggie understand the meaning of the quilts and know that they were made for everyday use. Ironically, Dee criticizes Mama for not discretion heritage when, in fact, Dee fails to really understand her own heritage. Dee mistakenly places heritage wholly in what she owns, not what she knows. Work-CitedLiving By Grace. Danielle, Chris. 1999. Tripod. 03-10-2005. http//members.tripod.com/chrisdanielle/index.htmlWalker, Alice. "Everyday Use". belles-lettres An Introduction to Reading and Writing Sixth Edition. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs. New Jersey Prentice-Hall, Inc., 2001, 360-365. Walker & Everyday Use Essay -- essays research papers Many times an author draws from his or her personal life and incorporates his or her past into the short story. Alice Walker is one of the most respected, well-known African-American authors of her time. Alice Walker experienced a lifetime of hardship that would influence her later works, helping he r to become such an astonishing author. In her short story "Everyday Use", Walker tells the story of her heritage and enables the reader to encounter the values in her life.           On February 9, 1944 in Eatonton, Georgia, Willie Lee and Minnie Grant gave birth to their eighth child a precious little girl whom they named Alice. As an extremely intelligent child Alice was always exploring the world around her. "She said that one of her favorite pastimes in the world was people watching." (http//members.tripod.com/chrisdanielle/alicebio_1.html). When Walker was eight years old, she and her brother were playing a game of cowboys and Indians outside when Alices brother accidentally hit her in the eye with a BB pellet, blinding her in her right eye. Although that didnt stop Alice, she went on achieving excellent grades and going on to college. She first attended Spelman College (an African-American institution) on a handicap scho larship shed been granted. Unhappy with the way Spelmans treated her for her involvement of activism and civil rights, she accepted a scholarship from Saint Lawrence College in New York. Alice was faced with great difficulties such as abortion and suicide, but she pulled through and graduated in 1965 kicking off the begging of an unforgettable and ongoing career. (http//members.tripod.com/chrisdanielle/alicebio_1.html)     By distinguishing the family-oriented round characters in the short story "Everyday Use", Alice Walker illustrates the common mistake of placing the association of heritage solely in material objects. Walker presents Mama and Maggie, the younger daughter, as an example that heritage in both knowledge and form passes from one generation to another through a learning and experience connection. However, by a broken connection, Dee, the older daughter, represents a misconception of heritage as materialistic. During Dees visit to Mama and Ma ggie, the contrast of the characters becomes the conflict, because Dee... ... family values, Mama takes the quilts from Dee who "held the quilts securely in her arms, stroking them clutching them closely to her bosom" (Walker, 91) like sacred representation, and then gives them to their rightful owner Maggie. After Mama gives Maggie the quilts, Dee says, "You just dont understand," "Your heritage" (Walker, 91). Dee believes heritage and family values to be materialistic things. Dee understands that the quilts were hand-made, but she lacks the knowledge and history behind these quilts. On the other hand Mama and Maggie understand the meaning of the quilts and know that they were made for everyday use. Ironically, Dee criticizes Mama for not understanding heritage when, in fact, Dee fails to really understand her own heritage. Dee mistakenly places heritage wholly in what she owns, not what she knows. Work-CitedLiving By Grace. Danielle, Chris. 1999. Tripod. 0 3-10-2005. http//members.tripod.com/chrisdanielle/index.htmlWalker, Alice. "Everyday Use". Literature An Introduction to Reading and Writing Sixth Edition. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs. New Jersey Prentice-Hall, Inc., 2001, 360-365.

Sexual Identity in Africa Essay -- Sexual Issues

A passionate subject, a cultural and universal practice, a pop out of the human nature and a divine attribute bestowed upon man by his creator. No culture is superior to another when it comes to sexuality, its acts is everywhere. It doesnt tack the face of any culture or change modernity from moving forward. Sexuality, sexual harassments, sexual dimorphism, sexual orientation, sexual intercourse, gays, lesbians, sexual preferences, sexual rights, sexual selection, sex appeal, being sexy, an endless list of each phrase, concisely coming with one source word Sex. Sex has been a necessity, even though it is hardly ever discussed. In time past, in every part of the globe, there has always been a universal acknowledgements of the act SEX. Socially, it is an act a man and woman (wife/wives) engaged in after fulfilling the appropriate pairing rites. Politically, in ancient history and in present times, it was and still is the ultimate weapon of seduction that gave/gives most of our prom inent women power over their male opponents. oer the years, sexual activities have grown to affect our lifestyles and perspectives (life views) to a great extend. In distinct parts of the world, the concept of sexual expressions and identities took diverse forms. The forms cut across beliefs, religions, perceptions, chaste standard and even politics. However, certain things were settled for. According to N.M Heckel, in medieval times, Sex was measured, as it is now, to be a normal and natural part of life. close authorities agreed that it was not intrinsically sinful because God would not have made such a necessary activity to be a taboo (without sex one cannot have children and fulfil the commandment to increase and multiply, and repleni... ...tisfree/cifamerica/2011/nov/02/america-problem-sex-educationHoeksema, S. Inclusive Sex Education Needed in African Schools. 11th Nov 2011, twenty-fourth April 2012. Web. Heckel, N. Sex Society and Medeival Women. 24th April 2012. Web. h ttp//www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/medsex/text.htmMeston, C, Ahrold, T. Ehtnic, Gender and Acculturation influences on Sexual Behaviours. DOI 10.1007. 2008. Print. Mirrer, L. Women Jews and Muslims in the texts of Reconquest Castile. University of Michigan press. Michigan. 1996. Print. Neary, L. Homosexuality in Africa is Still a Taboo. twenty-second February 2010. 26th April 2012. Web. AUN students. Personal Interview. 14-14th April 2012.Wikipedia. Premarital Sex. 24th April 2012. Web.

Fanons The Wretched Of The Earth and Foucaults Discipline and Punish :: Wretched Of The Earth Essays

FanonsThe Wretched Of The Earth andFoucaults Discipline and Punish Fanons book, The Wretched Of The Earth like Foucaults Discipline and Punish question the basic assumptions that underlie society. both books writers come from vastly different aspects and this shapes what both authors see as the technologies that keep the populace in line. Foucault coming out of the French intellectual class sees technologies as prisons, family, mental institutions, and other institutions and cultural traits of French society. In contrast Frantz Fanon (1925-1961) born in Martinique into a lower middle class family of mixed race origination and receiving a conventional compound education sees the technologies of control as being the sporty colonists of the third world. Fanon at first was a assimilationist thinking colonists and colonized should interpret to build a future together. But quickly Fanons assimilationist illusions were destroyed by the gaze of metropolitan racism both in France and in t he colonized world. He responded to the shattering of his neo-colonial identity, his white mask, with his first book, Black Skin, White Mask, written in 1952 at the age of twenty-seven and originally titled An Essay for the Disalienation of Blacks. Fanon defined the colonial relationship as one of the non recognition of the colonizeds humanity, his subjecthood, by the colonizer in order to justify his exploitation. Fanons next novel, The Wretched Of The Earth views the colonized world from the perspective of the colonized. Like Foucaults questioning of a disciplinary society Fanon questions the basic assumptions of colonialism. He questions whether violence is a tactic that should be employed to eliminate colonialism. He questions whether homegrown intellectuals who have adopted western methods of thought and urge slow decolonization are in fact part of the same technology of control that the white world employs to exploit the colonized. He questions whether the colonized world sho uld copy the west or develop a whole new set of determine and ideas. In all these questionings of basic assumptions of colonialism Fanon exposes the methods of control the white world uses to hold down the colonies. Fanon calls for a radical break with colonial culture, rejecting a hypocritical European humanitarianism for a pure revolutionary consciousness. He exalts violence as a necessary pre-condition for this rupture. Fanon supported the most extreme wing of the FLN, even opposing a negotiated transition to power. His book though sees the relationship and methods of control in a simplistic light he classifies whites, and native intellectuals who have adopted western values and tactics as enemies.

Michael Imaginary Friend :: short story

Michael Fritz was a very lonely boy. His parents died in a nasty car crash when he was two, so Michael was sent to live with his Aunt and Uncle. Michael was known as a shut in, and never would he go play with kids his own age. He was discipline with the in status of his home and that is where he stayed. While Michels Aunt and Uncle were at work his nanny, Kendra, would watch after him and take him to the park. On a day that seemed to be as normal as the rest something very abnormal happened. Michael was taken to the park, and like his usual routine he went off and played by himself. A few hours later Michael went to Kendra, and told her he was ready to go. She agreed and they started to the car.Miss Kendra, mess I bring a friend home with me, stated Michael.Kendra replied, I cant see a reason why not.Kendra looked around for Michaels friend, but she did not see him anywhere. Hes right here, stated Michael, he is very excited to come home with us.It was at that moment that Kendra r ealized that Michael had an imaginary number friend. She was fine with the idea and thought the concept of an imaginary friend was utterly normal. Oh, now I see your friend. What is his name? the nanny said.His name is Jonny, and he is one year older than me. The whole car ride home Michael was talk of the town to his imaginary friend. Kendra did not mind she was acutely very happy to know that Michael made some type of friend. When Michaels aunt came home that night the Kendra pulled her to the side and told her about Jonny. Kendra also told her that Michael began using very bad words when he spoke with Jonny. Sarah (Michaels aunt) was very surprised that Michael would ever use swear words, and frankly did not believe what the nanny was telling her. Later that night Sarah pulled Michael to the side and asked him about his friend. Sarahs first words were, Kendra told me that you have a new imaginary friend.Hes not imaginary he is really Michael answered angrily.Oh, Ok, Sarah rep lied sarcastically. Well does your friend have a name? Yes, his name is Jonny.Sarah asked, Kendra has brought to my attention that some pickaxe words has slipped out of your mouth.

Michael Imaginary Friend :: short story

Michael Fritz was a very lonely boy. His parents died in a nasty gondola car crash when he was two, so Michael was sent to live with his Aunt and Uncle. Michael was kn induce as a shut in, and never would he go play with kids his own age. He was content with the inside of his inhabitation and that is where he stayed. While Michels Aunt and Uncle were at work his nanny, Kendra, would watch after him and take him to the park. On a day that seemed to be as normal as the rest something very abnormal happened. Michael was taken to the park, and like his usual routine he went off and vie by himself. A few hours later Michael went to Kendra, and told her he was ready to go. She agreed and they started to the car.Miss Kendra, can I bring a friend home with me, stated Michael.Kendra replied, I cant see a reason why not.Kendra looked around for Michaels friend, but she did not see him anywhere. Hes advanced here, stated Michael, he is very excited to come home with us.It was at that mome nt that Kendra realized that Michael had an imaginary number friend. She was fine with the idea and thought the concept of an imaginary friend was perfectly normal. Oh, now I see your friend. What is his name? the nanny said.His name is Jonny, and he is one year older than me. The whole car excite home Michael was talking to his imaginary friend. Kendra did not mind she was acutely very happy to know that Michael made some type of friend. When Michaels aunt came home that night the Kendra pulled her to the side and told her about Jonny. Kendra also told her that Michael began using very bad words when he spoke with Jonny. Sarah (Michaels aunt) was very surprised that Michael would ever drug abuse swear words, and frankly did not believe what the nanny was telling her. Later that night Sarah pulled Michael to the side and asked him about his friend. Sarahs first words were, Kendra told me that you have a new imaginary friend.Hes not imaginary he is really Michael answered angrily. Oh, Ok, Sarah replied sarcastically. Well does your friend have a name? Yes, his name is Jonny.Sarah asked, Kendra has brought to my attention that some choice words has slipped out of your mouth.

Executive Privilege

Executive Privilege Virginia Commonwealth University November 14, 2012 In the past, the post of administrator director permit has been utilise by death chairs to conceal reading that has to do with foreign affairs and negotiations, military machine, national security issues as intumesce as deliberations and policy fashioning that is done between the chairman and his top aid. This power is only hired when Congress asks the President or one of his top aides to produce wholly of the information pertaining to an event or situation.If the President then feels that sort outs of this information ask to be kept secret to protect the outgo interest of the public, or the other issues listed previously, then he will use administrator director director privilege in order to non give that information to Congress. A huge part of executive director privilege is to protect the deliberations and advice given by the Presidents aides. When the Presidents advisors give him advi ce, they need to be able to give him the best advice possible and if there is a chance that eitherthing they said could be made public.For instance if the President and advisors are discussing what needs to be done in congeneric to a foreign power and one suggests to nuke them, one suggests a covert attack and one suggests a peaceful resolution. If the final decision is a peaceful resolution, and Congress asks for entirely of the information on the subject, then the President should use executive privilege to keep those other possible outcomes from going public, two to keep the public from getting out of control or uneasy and to keep the other country from finding out the other options and retaliating.This power ensures that the Presidents advisors terminate be completely honest and say what needs to be said without being worried about their words being taken the wrong way or too harsh or hurt their image. A big argument for those against executive privilege is that there is nonhing in the constitution about it even though there is something about Congress keeping secrets.Article I pleads that Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from period to time publish the analogous, excepting much(prenominal) parts as whitethorn in their judgment require secrecy (US opus, Article 1 Section 5). Their argument is that the disposition states that each House can withhold information that they think should be kept secret and there is nothing about secrecy when it comes to the Presidents powers, however scarce because the words are not explicitly in the constitution does not mean that this power was not intended for the President.Even our founding fathers comprehended the importance of executive privilege and that is highlighted by this passage taken from The Works of Alexander Hamilton. In 1794, the Senate asked President George Washington, to lay before the Senate the correspondences which have been had between the government minister of th e joined States at the Republic of France, and said Republic, and between said Minister and the office of Secretary of State. Washington consulted his cabinet members, Henry Knox, Alexander Hamilton, and Edmund Randolph.Alexander Hamilton later wrote full general Knox is of the opinion that no part of the correspondences should be sent to the Senate Colonel Hamilton is of the opinion that the correct mode of proceeding is to do what General Knox advises plainly the principle is safe, by excepting such parts as the President may choose to withhold Mr. Randolph is of the opinion that all correspondence proper, from its nature, to be communicated to the Senate, should be sent but that what the President thinks is improper, should not be sent.Washington later told the Senate After an examination of the correspondence, I directed copies and translations to be made except in those particulars, which, in my judgment, for public considerations, ought not to be communicated. (Hamilton 18 51) lead of these men signed the constitution and contributed a great deal towards it and they clearly believe that it is the Presidents right to withhold information that he deems indispose to be made public. When it comes to foreign affairs it is very important that the President has the mightiness to use executive privilege.For instance, if the United States was making a treaty with another(prenominal) country, both countries may have to give things up in order to come to an agreement, and everything considered by both sides as well as everything agreed upon should not be made public for everyone, including other countries to see. This is best stated in 1796 by George Washington after the House of Representatives requested that he give them information concerning his instructions to the United States Minister to Britain regarding the treaty negotiations between the United States and Britain.Washington replied by saying The nature of foreign negotiations requires caution, and t heir success must often depend on secrecy and even when brought to a conclusion a full disclosure of all the measures, demands, or eventual concessions which may have been proposed or contemplated would be super impolitic for this might have a pernicious influence on future negotiations, or produce immediate inconveniences, perhaps danger and mischief, in similitude to other powers.The necessity of such caution and secrecy was one cogent reason for vesting the power of making treaties in the Presidentthe boundaries fixed by the Constitution between the different departments should be preserved, a just regard to the Constitution and to the duty of my office.. , forbids a compliance with your request. (Richardson 1897) As Washington states, we cannot simply make every detail public because other countries may retaliate and they will also be less likely to deal with the United States in the future. However, by invoking executive privilege the President can protect that information f rom causing such havoc.As he stated, it is not only the Presidents right to use executive privilege, but it is his duty to use it in situations that require secrecy. Without a doubt executive privilege can have its usefulness, but it should only be invoked in certain, specific situations. In our recent history this has not been the cutting, some of our Presidents have tried to abuse the power of executive privilege, giving it a bad attain and encouraging people to believe it should be done away with. When President Richard Nixon was in office, the Watergate scandal surfaced and Congress asked him to produce all of the information he and his aides had on the case.In an attempt to conceal what had been done as well as to protect everyone from punishment, President Nixon tried to use executive privilege. This case was brought to the United States ultimate Court because the executive privilege was being used to protect one of Nixons advisors from criminal prosecution, thus obstructin g justice. This was by far an abuse of executive privilege and leads many to want it gotten rid of, however just because a power can be abused does not mean that its use should stop it just means that restrictions need to be put in to place.This is highlighted by the ruling of the Supreme Court. The Court acknowledged the need for the President to used executive privilege, but determined that in cases of inquiry into possible criminal actions, the Executive has to release relating information. If we want to curb the abuse of executive privilege, we need to put guidelines into place, because without them, the meaning of executive privilege is at the discretion of the President until checked by other branches. President Nixon was neither the first nor last President to abuse this power (United States v Nixon 1974).President Bill Clinton also tried to invoke executive privilege in a very wrong way as well. Clinton tried to use executive privilege to prevent his advisors from testifying on whether he had sexual relations with Monica Lewinski or not. However, this claim of executive privilege was shot down, rightfully so (Baker 2012). These instances of abuse may lead some to think it is just a better option to not have executive privilege, but as long as barriers and restrictions can be put into place on it to prevent this from happening in the future, this power needs to stay around.This comes with some exceptions this power should only be used when the President truly believes that if this information were to get out it would either be damaging to the public or in the best interest of the public to not find out. This power should also be used in situations where the President needs to protect national security intelligence and other matters as well as being used to protect military secrets, operations and intelligence.Lastly, this power should be used in situations where the United States is dealing with a foreign power, whether it is a treaty, a negotiation, a meeting or anything else containing sensitive material that either the United States or the foreign power needs to be kept secret. This brings up another argument against executive privilege. Some feel that this power should be done away with because Congress does not have the power of checks and counterbalances over executive privilege however that is not the case.If the President is refusing to give Congress the information that they are asking for, they can decide to stop funding things that the President is exhausting to do. They can also hold people in contempt of Congress, which was done as recently as this year in the Fast and Furious case where Congress demanded that Attorney General Eric Holder give them all the information on this case. President Obama stepped in and claimed executive privilege, however in a rejoinder to this, Congress moved, then voted to hold Holder in contempt of Congress unless he hands over the information (Silverleib 2012).Another thing Congress c an do if the President continues to refuse to cooperate is to impeach him. This would obviously be only done in serious situations, but would work either to get their meaning across or to show future Presidents that they cannot just invoke executive privilege without consequence. On top of this, the courts can rule on cases where the President tries to use executive privilege like they did in the case with President Nixon.Articles II of the Constitution states that the President shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient (US Constitution Article II Section 3) As the Constitution says, the President does need to inform Congress on the State of the Union from time to time, however it does not say anywhere that the President is required to divulge all the information having to do with certain incidents.Between Article I and Article II, others take this to mean that Congress has an unlimited power of inquiry, but in reality that is not the case. This fact has been ruled on multiple times by different courts, where usually they determine that either the President does not have to give up the information, or that the President has to give up certain aspects of that information based on other laws. It is also Congresss right and duty to contend the President when he uses executive privilege, in order to make sure that the power is not being abused, which is the exact reason for having separate branches and a balance of power.If it wasnt for executive privilege, other countries might be less inclined to deal with the United States because they fear that every detail could go public. Along the same lines the presidents advisors cant give their best advice if they have to worry that anything they say could be made public. Military secrets and intelligence also needs to be protected to better ensure our troops safety as well as protect o ur country and citizens from retaliation after an exposed military operation. There is also information that needs to remain secret because it is in the best interest of the public to not find out.Lastly and most importantly, if it wasnt for executive privilege, national security and military intelligence matters could be made public, exposing our informants and jeopardizing our national security. In order to keep this power alive and protect sensitive information, the United States needs to add guidelines or an amendment that properly codifies executive privilege to prevent its abuse. Once this is done, in theory, there would not be any more issues of whether power can or cannot be used.Everything would be stated to say that the President can only use executive privilege in the situations previously stated and any other instance where executive privilege is claimed would be thrown out. Executive privilege helps to protect our citizens, our national security and our good standing an d ability to negotiate with other countries. If we were not able to guarantee that level of secrecy it would be nearly impossible to conduct policy making, decision making, foreign negotiations, treaties, as well as threaten the United States and their citizens safety.References Baker, Peter, and Susan Schmidt. Washingtonpost. com Special Report Clinton Accused. Washington Post Breaking News, World, US, DC News & Analysis. N. p. , 6 May 1998. Web. 8 Nov. 2012. http//www. washingtonpost. com/wp-srv/ government/special/clinton/stories/starr050698. Hamilton, Alexander, and John C. Hamilton. The works of Alexander Hamilton comprising his correspondence, and his political and official writings, exclusive of the Federalist, civil and military. New York J. F. Trow, 1851.Print. Richardson, James D.. A compilation of the messages and papers of the presidents. New York authority of national literature, 1897. Print. Silverleib, Alan. House holds Holder in contempt CNN. com. CNN. com Break ing News, U. S. , World, Weather, Entertainment & Video News. N. p. , 29 May 2012. Web. 5 Nov. 2012. http//www. cnn. com/2012/06/28/politics/holder-contempt/index. html. United States v. Nixon, 418 U. S. 683 (1974) (Justice Burger faith of the Court) United States Constitution, 1789

Assimilation of Native Americans Into Society Essay

How diametric would be the sensation of a philosophic mind to reflect that instead of exterminating a part of the gracious subsequentlymath by our modes of population that we had persevered th high-strung all difficulties and at last had imparted our Knowledge of cultivating and the arts, to the Aboriginals of the Country by which the source of future life and happiness had been preserved and extended. scarce it has been conceived to be impractic adapted to civilize the Indians of North America This opinion is probably more convenient than just. (enthalpy Knox to George Washington 1970s) Since the founding of The United States of America, the complication of dealing with the autochthonic domestic Ameri freighters has been prevalent. The opening quotation emphasizes the idea that our fathers grappled over what to do with the Indians since the founding of our country. Post colonial era Native Americans were discriminated against in a battle defined by the fresh man versus the red man.As American settlers and institutions expanded tungsten, the Indians were pushed aside not only by containing them in reservations b arly were frequently disregarded as Americans from the civilized and educated white American. These prejudices even came from far up the totem pole in Washington. The politics in the 19th century American Government regarding the indigenous people were defined by an era of the Americanization of the Native American people.This analytical research paper exit address the sales outlet of Native American preoccupation and display how the efforts gain ground by the American Government failed to shed a positive light on the indigenous people. It will as well explore the founding of specific schools for Indian children, namely the Carlisle Indian Industrial School for Native Americans. The school was intended to integrate Indian children into Hesperian society by educating them and transforming their cultural beliefs.Although founder Richard Henry Pratt had good intentions for the school, it ended up doing more destruction to the Indians than success assimilating them into American society. Before the assimilation of Indians can be fully understood, the history of the segregation of the red man must be established. Before the Civil War it had been possible to imagine that Indians and whites could stay on permanently separate from on an other(a) The national census of this time was that the minority ethnic groups did not belong in the same category as the Americans, and that they should remain a separate existence.The general idea was that legal interval was the easier and safe way to deal with the ethnic differences rather than entering into a group conflict. Native Americans were easier to separate into cultural groupings, because they were the ones who chose to do so. Blacks, Irish, and Native Americans alike, Hoxie asserts, In this compartmentalized society, minority groups welcomed the opportunity to be sociable ly isolated and culturally autonomous. As the whites expanded westward eventually towards California and Oregon, the separation between the two ethnic groups would no longer be possible.The natives, who once claimed the North American continent as their own, were different from the generality of Americans. They were known as the others. Eventually, with the help of the Indian Removal lay out of 1830, the Indians were pushed back to the west and there was a line known as the Indian frontier. This land came with a promise that the white man would not desire this land for generations. But as the nation expanded, the indigenous people were force onto smaller and smaller reservations, which restricted them economically.They were mostly restricted from food and other resources. Brenda J. Child emphasizes this in her book Boarding School Seasons as she makes claims that the Ojibwe once made a lucrative profit farming rice, but were left with a fair amount of swampland after their allotm ents had been madeFew Nett Lakers were able to maintain adequate gardens, but traditional subsistence activities, tourism, and off reservation labor maintained the band. As the struggle to maintain their niche increased, Indians would either necessitate to aline to society, or they would be crushed by it.The early relationship between Indians and whites was defined more like a war than the whites trying to work the Indians into society. Indian territories were often viewed as their own sovereign states rather than occupied American territory. Treaties were often agreed upon in order to separate the red man from the white. Humanitarians believed that separation would reduce the level of violence on the frontier and provide Indians with enough time to become civilized However, the civilization of Indians into American society would not rule on its own once the ethnic groups were separated.Political action groups such(prenominal) as the Friends of the Indian were formed. These gro ups as well as government officials started to change their beliefs into those that the American Indians should be assimilated. Paul Prucha mentions in the introduction of his book that government officials and well meaning humanitarians and missionaries had had a hand in the operation and had sought the welfare of the Indians in their attempts to civilize and Christianize them, bringing them into conformity with the patterns of life that marked the white existence. The goal of these advocates was not only to destroy the Indian and save the American but more importantly they sought the ideal that assimilated Native Americans would be proof that America was an open society and that by gratifying the wishes of society they could acquire social equality. Henry L. Dawes was one of the outstanding envisions leading the Indian policy reform in the 19th century.Dawes served in the United Government throughout his career he was a congressman, senator, and eventually chairman of the Senate Committee on Indian affairs. He was an advocate for the allotment of land to the Indians, and the assimilation of the indigenous people into the non-Indian mainstream. He proposed the Dawes Act of 1887, which encouraged Indians to farm by allotting the head of house 160 acres of land. The land was private property, and small portions of it could be shared with members of the family.Dawes held strong opinions for the assimilation of Indians into white mans society, as he proclaimed in a speech to an Indian reform group in 1884, it were worth while to consume whether we could not make something out of him, and for the first time in the whole history of our dealings with the Indians, within a few years, we have attempted to make something out of him. In this speech he argues that the methods of waging war against the Indian has been failing, and was taking the lives of both the Indian and the white man.Instead he proposes that they be assimilated, and that the Native Americans can be useful in society. He later touches on educating the Native American children, stating, Take him as you do other children, and bring him up as you do other children. Education then becomes a major factor in the assimilating the Native American people. The Idea that targeting the younger generation of the Indian population and shaping them into the mold of an educated white man became prevalent in assimilation techniques.Education of the Indians was the ultimate reform An increase of immigrants from Europe reflected a growing public support for education. Thus, if the children of the Indian were educated, they would catch on in American society and pave the way for future generations. Richard Henry Pratt was an outstanding figure in the Americanization of Native Americans. As a veteran of the Civil War, Pratt fought both alongside and against Indian warriors. He was a proponent of educating the tribal people in order to kill the Indian, save the man.He was well aware of the capabil ities of the Indian following his tour of duty with them on the battlefield. When the war was over, Pratt insisted that he took a group of Indian prisoners to Fort Marion in Florida and educate them as well as assimilating them into American culture. He had remarkable success as he educated them in English, Christianity, art, and culture. What brought the success was that he found work for the Indians around the predominately white St. Augustine area.He interested white benefactors in his cause and yieldd his army superiors to arrogate him to the work of Indian education, where he could promote and expand the approach to Indian assimilation that he had begun so dramatically at fort Marion. Pratts motivation was straightforward he fateed complete integration of the Indians into white society, and all of his actions were submitted towards that goal. His next project, The Carlisle Indian Industrial School, was by far his most famous and also controversial way of implementing Indian s into society.His idea was to transform the abandoned Carlisle Military Barracks in Carlisle, Pennsylvania into a boarding school for Native Americans. It wasnt hard to persuade the government to jump on board with his idea, Said that the government was more or less to adopt a new policy with the Indians that it believed the Indian youth capable of getting the same education and industries as our white youth However, it was relatively difficult to persuade chiefs of various tribes to send their children international with Pratt.In his autobiography, Pratt tells a story some personnel casualty out west to propose his idea to a chief named spotted tail and after his proposal he receives the response, We are not going to give any children to learn such ways Pratt refutes and claims that if it werent for the Indians ignorance and lack of education, the American Government would not be able to take advantage of the tribes if they were educated. The chiefs reconvened and after discu ssing decided to send their children. In a way, Pratt used slander to get the Indians to give up their children by telling them the kids would come back and contribute.However, Pratt did not want this, as his intentions were to fully integrate the red man into society. The Carlisle Boarding School was founded in 1879. It started with about a hundred Indians and over time expanded to about a thousand. It admitted both boys and girls. Upon arrival, students were required to disrobe from their native clothes and cut their hair. The cloths were shoddy, and Pratt mentions, It was the shoddiest of shoddy clothing. This was the first step towards the transformation to white culture. Although students were provided with an education, daily life was rough for students at Carlisle.Students had to wake early and drill. School schedules were grueling, and the students were often underfed. Sometimes the school seemed like more a labor camp as they were instructed to perform tasks such as The au thority came, and, directed by the carpenter, the Indian boys dug the holes, set up the post, nailed on the rails and slats, and we soon had a substantial barrier which remained a satisfactory protection during my superintendency. The school may have taught Indians mechanical and agricultural skills as well as providing an education, but it definitely was not as triple-crown as Pratt Envisioned.There were many successes in the founding of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School, but there were more mishaps. Advocates for boarding schools such as Pratt argued that the separation of Indian children from their families in combination of industrial training would reduce the tribalism in the individual. Brenda J. Child proposes, One of the worst ideas about how to best solve the Indian problem mandated the separation of American Indian families. Homesickness was extremely common in Indian boarding school students, and often led to the students back lashing against authority, or running away from the school.Sickness and death was also a very serious problem at boarding schools. Crowded conditions are the perfect medium for the spread of disease. clear pox, chicken pox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, and the common cold killed many of these children and crowding helped spread the diseases to the rest. Students with serious sicknesses were often sent home because if they died at the school, their reputation would be devastated. The problems seemed to outweigh the advantages at boarding schools, and these factors contributed to the eventual dismissal of Richard Henry Pratt from the Superintendent position.Because Native Americans have always been distinctly different from the rest of society, efforts to assimilate Indians completely into society have been abandoned. There have still been assimilation efforts in the twentieth century, but the ideals behind them have changed. The effort to kill the Indian, save the man has been deemed impossible. Indian schools are success ful in theory, but there is a reason that they failed and that Pratts unrealistic dream did not come true. Some argue that the efforts by reformers such as Dawes and Pratt were successful, but the truth is that many failures come with successes.As George Washington states, When one side only of a story is heard and often repeated, the human mind becomes impressed with it insensibly. Bibliography Primary Sources Pratt, Richard H. Battlefield and classroom four decades with the American Indian, 1867-1904. Oklahoma University of Oklahoma Press, 2004. Coleman, Michael C. American Indian Children at School, 1850-1930. n. d. Child, Brenda J. Boarding School Seasons American Indian Families, 1900-1940. Lincoln University of Nebraska Text, 1998. Hoxie, Frederick E. A Final Promise The Campaign To Assimilate The Indians, 1880-1920.Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1984. Prucha, Francis P. The Great Father The United States Government and the American Indians. Vol. 2. N. p. University o f Nebraska Text, 1984 Duran, Eduardo, and beautiful Duran. Native American Postcolonial Psychology. Albany State University of New York Press, 1995. Prucha, Francis P. Americanizing the American Indians Writings by the Friends of the Indian 1880-1900. Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University Press, 1973 Lee, John. Reports of Indian Schools. Annual Report. Washington, D. C Office other Commissioner of Indian Affairs. From Library of Congress, American Indians of the Pacific Northwest. (1886) Leupp, Francis E. Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annual Report. Washington, D. C Office of the Commissioner of Indian Affair. Library of Congress, American Indians of the Pacific Northwest (1908) Dawes, Henry L. Solving the Indian Problem. Fifteenth Annual Report of the Board of Indian Commissioners (1883) 69-70. Morgan, Thomas J. Supplemental report on Indian Education. House Executive document 1, no. 2 (n. d. ) 93-104. Schultz, Jeffrey D.Encyclopedia of Minorities in Amer ican Politics Volume 2, Hispanic Americans and Native Americans. Westport Greenwood Press, 2000. Secondary Holm, Tom. Great Confusion in Indian Affairs Native Americans and Whites in the Progressive Era. Austin, TX University of Texas Press, 2005. Simonsen, Jane E. Making Home Work Domesticity and Native American Assimilation in the American West, 1860-1919. Chappel Hill UNC Press, 2006. authorsden. com . WHAT WERE BOARDING SCHOOLS LIKE FOR Indian YOUTH?. Hetzel, Theodore B. WE CAN LEARN FROM AMERICAN INDIANS. Journal of American Indian Education 4, no. 3 (1965)The Indian School at Chemawa. The West margin 13, no. 1 (1887) 5-12. Davis, Julie. American Indian Boarding School Experiences Recent Studies from Native Perspectives. OAH Magazine of History Vol. 15, No. 2, 2001, 20-22. Fear-Segal, Jackie. Boarding School Seasons American Indian Families, 1900-1940 by Brenda J. Child. Journal of American Studies 34, no. 1 (2000) 160-161. Hoerig, Karl A. Remembering Our Indian School Days The Boarding School Experience. Away from Home American Indian Boarding School Experiences by Margaret L. Archuleta Brenda J. Child K. Tsianina Lomawaima (2002) 642-646.

Baroque Era and Rock Music

churrigueresco Era and waver Music To understand the correlation between Rock unison and the churrigueresco Era, one must case much in-depth towards each cultures history and social norms. The Baroque Eras musical style was prevalent during 1600 1750. It potbelly be draw as a time when the music went hand in hand with the architecture, paintings, and literature of its time.It was a time when musicians brought out more intense emotions within their Rock music, which was created during the 1950s in the United States by an African-American named Chuck Berry he used the same principles as musicians during the Baroque era and met the same insular views by society. Musicians during both eras had several things in common, not just in their masterpieces, in their sociological environment. The Baroque era expanded our horizons with advances in technology such as the telescope, which helped us to gain a better understanding of the infinite.Enlightened thinkers such as Descartes, Hobb es, Spinoza and Locke tackled tough questions of existence. Foreign trade and colonization resulted in more people having direct contact with parts of the valet that were previously unknown. Finally, this era led to the creation of a middle furcate in Europe, which heavily force the ein truthday citizen, and thus its music. During the Rock era the United States still had fresh memories of the great depression, a World War, and recently expanded middle class due to the militarys GI Bill, which paid for Tens of thousands veterans college tuition.The industrial revolution had transformed the country and intercontinental trade was unlike the world has ever seen the influence of the roaring 1920s Jazz era had bred a raw(a) generation steer to interracial music development. More importantly, a pertly tone and rhythm caused by integrating new technology such as electric guitars, and new style pianos were introduced. The Baroque era utilized new musical instrument advancements such as string instruments and more importantly the first primitive piano.Musicians during both eras faced adversity with their new style of music. Antonio Vivaldi during the Baroque era was one of the first musicians whom were victims of security review. (Arton) Naturally anytime there atomic number 18 changes there will be people who do not agree. This was more prevalent in the United States during the rock era because of their deep racial bigotry and segregation of blacks and whites just like the Jazz era, early rock musicians were African American and wherefore its sound was hated by some, but loved by the majority of the youth.Some felt their indigenous traditions were under attack resulting in religious propaganda referring to rock music as the devils music. It was believed rock music provoked dirty activities such as exotic dancing, and controversial references were sometimes made which invoked music censorship at radio stations. Some songs even were banned from the being played Radio stations ban Dottie OBriens Four or Five Times and doyen Martins Wham Bam, Thank You Maam fearing they are suggestive. The Weavers are blacklisted due to the leftist political beliefs and associations of several members. (Nuzum) Beyond the biased attitude from the previous generations lays a bigger correlation between the two the tasty movement created and the influence it had on the world. Invoking rhythmic individuality and (Thornburgh) could have been arguably a stepping stone leading towards the civil rights movement in the United States. While the Baroque music style can be accreted to innovation and musical chorale. (Arton) Naturally there are differences in both styles of music such as its sound, implementation of vocal chorus, rhythm, caryopsis, and its effect on their listeners emotions.Baroque music was meant to be listened to, there were no words, no top executive to read it, and there were no recorders so it could be enjoyed later. Wealthy or privileged individ uals at times travelled hundreds of miles to hear it, and left only with the retentiveness of its elegance, a gentle hum in their ear, and excitement to hear it again. During the rock era, radio stations aired the nations favorite songs over and over, concerts were very affordable and popular for all classes, and the invention of the record player allowed its admirers to hear music whenever they esired. All styles of music have their own sound, texture, rhythm, and subtle meaning. Which is naturally wherefore each is separated in different categories. Oddly enough the instruments used in several styles of music today can be traced back to the Baroque era. Drastically different sounds, but implemented many of the same tools. Rock music at times implements Baroque chorus in the background victimisation the same principles Baroque music first did in Germany when they married the Chorale. (Arton)In the video presentation we hear Chuck Berrys 1958 hit song insurgent B. Goode and Anto nio Vivaldis Concert for Two Flutes. Both drive the audiences emotions of excitement however, both naturally have a completely different sounds. While Two Flutes provoke feelings of sophistication, class, artistic reminiscent, and calm enjoyment. Johnny B. Goode induces excitement and makes the audience want to dance, participate with vocal gestures and it often affirms the feeling of youth and fun. Both clips have their own artistic theme, texture and rhythm.Both styles of music styles are a like as they utilized the modern technology of their time, broke social norms, faced resistance from those whom didnt accept change, and can be accredited with influencing social norms of their era which directly contributed to history as we know it today. References Nuzum, Eric. USA, CANADA. freemuse. Freemusepedia, 01 JAN 2001. Web. 13 Jan 2013. . Thornburgh, Elaine. Baroque Music-Part One. Era of Baroque Music. n. page. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. lthttp//trumpet. sdsu. edu/M151/Baroque_Music1. htm l. Arton, . BAROQUE COMPOSERS AND MUSICIANS. diachronic context, Geography, Biographical Notes. internet arton publications. Web. 13 Jan 2013. Smith, . What is baroque, and when was the baroque period?. Baroque Music. Music of the Baroque. Web. 13 Jan 2013. . Richardson, Todd. Baroque and Classical Influenced Rock Music. merlinravensong. N. p.. Web. 16 Jan 2013.

Consider the theme of loneliness in the novel, Of Mice and Men Essay

n Of Mice and Men, John Stienbeck explores the theme of loneliness, set in the bring onland of 1930s atomic number 20, where Stienbeck grew up. Stienbeck worked as a farm collapse on his fathers land and so the countryside described at the beginning of the book, and a banquet itself would have been very familiar to Stienbeck. Characters described in the impudent are lonely for different reasons depending on their social status. Age, Race and Sex are some of the reasons for characters loneliness, Stienbeck uses the novel to make these aware in society.George and Lennie are the principal(prenominal) characters in the book they are migrant workers, who are men that travel the countryside harvesting wheat for the farms and doing any other jobs they thunder mug find. The Wall Street encounter caused jobs to be scarce, during the 1930s, when there was very unemployment in the United States. Agencies were set to send farm workers to where they were needed You remember about us goin into Murray and Readys, and they give us work cards. They earned $2.50 or $3.00 a day, plus food and very basic accommodation. These sorts of people lived very lonely lives, as they migrated they had to pick up their roots and move on, on their own and so this what makes them lonely also it was much easer to blend in work for one-person rather than two or more.George and Lennie are total opposites. George is decribed as small and quick, dark of face with restless eyes and sharp, strong fetures. Lennie on the other hand is a huge man, shapeless of face, with large, fed up(p) eyes with wide, sloping sholders. Stienbeck decribes Georges personality as careful and protective while Lennie seems to be rather stupid with a childs mind. Hes very forgetful and handles to pet nice things with his fingers sof things. George likes to be in charge of himself, and this is why he appreciates the time out under the stars where he can relax with his friend Lennie. Lennie however, enjoyes being with George and so the time under the stars is appreciated, but only because hes with George.George and Lennie share share an special affinity like father and son where George helps Lennie with everything and looks after him. This is shown when George is talking to Slim about Weed We sat in an irrigation ditch . This shows how George takes risks to save Lennie. George sometimes gives the printing process that he would rather have nothing to do with Lennie but it is clear that George actually depends on Lennies friendship, being with soulfulness gives him something to live for unstead of just being a migrant worker I got you to look after me, and you got me to look after you, Lennie loves George because George looks after him, George being the only person who looks after him, George shows Lennie how to do things and gets food for them. George is in control as he does almost everything for Lennie I got three cans of beans in my bindle. George and Lennie travel togeather although th is is not usual and this is why they are not lonely.Steinbeck introduces Candy, the old paste hand into the novel as a tall, stoop-shouldered old man. Candy is kept on the farm as a janitor, he has one hand after he got the other one caught in a machine. He is not much use for anything and he knows this. Candy fears when he is to old to do anything that he will just get canned, which is why he buys into the friendship with George and Lennie. The only thing that motivates Candy is his old dog gray of fit and with pale, blind old eyes, which unfortunately is killed after Carlson decides not to put up with the smell and Candy is ganged up on to get rid of him If you wish me to, Ill put the old devil out of his misery right now.The American Dream is shared by George and Lennie who dream of the little domicile and a couple of acres. For American society as a consentaneous, the dream ended with the Wall Street Crash of 1929. Cinema is the last American dream for many. Curleys wife is one Could have been in the movies, an had nice clothes.Steinbeck describes Crooks with a lean face lined with deep black wrinkles, and he had thin , pale-tightened lips. Crooks lives in a little shed that leaned off the wall of the barn. Crooks reserves the only right he has, You got no right to source in my room. However, when Lennie goes into Crooks room he relaxes and enjoys the company. Crooks job is a Stable buck, which means he tends the horses. He is the only black man in the novel and the other characters attitude towards him, shows the position of blacks in America at the time.Steinbeck describes Crooks past as a peaceful one. Crooks mentions this to Lennie The white kids came to gip I went to play with them. This shows that racism did not really affect him as he did not understand but his ol man didnt like that. This shows how racism would affect his whole life. The scene in his shed, where it all appears that he is finally accepted for who he is, the reality comes back when Curleys wife says, listen Nigger I could get you strung up. Because Crooks is black, he is forced to spend his time reading books Books aint no good A guy goes nuts if he aint got nobody.Curleys wife is the only woman on the ranch she cannot escape from the sexual two-base hit that the men have of her. She, therefore, uses this image as a means of getting noticed. She has full, rouged lips and wide-spaced eyes, heavily made up. When George and Lennie first meet Curleys wife George describes her as jail bait. Steinbeck makes the ref feel the same way as the workers when it comes to discrimanating. The reader is made to feel that Curleys wife is a tart. Workers at the ranch have this impression I think Curleys married a tart. However, the workers are frightened to talk to her. Curley is known as a boxer and the workers know if they get concern with his wife, Curley will beat them up.The hasty marriage of Curley and his wife proves to be a failed attempt, on her part, to escap e her own lonliness. From what we hear Curleys wife married to elicit her mother. However she discovers that her husband is not what she expects, I dont like Curley. He aint a nice fella. It would appear at first that she likes Curley, as she wanders arround looking for him but it soon becomes clear that she is just looking for someone to share her feelings with. Curleys wife describes her life on the ranch to Lennie as if it is no good I coulda made somethin of myself . She uses her sexual image as a woman to get the mens attention just so she can talk to them. However, this does not usually work as most of the men are often to scared to talk to her. Although Curleys wife looks and acts like atart she is just craving attention and this is the only way she knows how to get it.At the end of the novel, her lonliness causes her to converse with Lennie in the barn where the irony is that when she finally gets someone to talk to, it leads to her death Curleys wife is the victim of sexis m, she is lonely because she has no one to talk to as people are afraid to talk to her. Lennie suffers from variety because of his learning disability.The fact that they are both unequal brings them together in the barn. Lennie is there to bury his puppy and Curleys wife is there to have a conversation. However in the end, Lennies disability causes her death dont you go yellin he shook her and her body flopped like a fish. The hazard in the barn affects George, Lennie and Candys relation because Lennie has finally gone too far. When George knows he has to kill Lennie, then the dream dies with Lennie leaving George and Candy lonely.Guys like us, that work on ranches, are the loneliest guys in the world. In conclusion Stienbeck makes aware a serious problem leading to loneliness in 1930s California through his novel Of Mice and Men.

Law for Non Lawyer Essay

As for one action, no matter it is legal or non is not only matches the legality clauses, but excessively complies with the legal principle. lawful principle plays a indispensable role in the society. In the situation that the existing law would not have the dexterity to break up the new problems happened in the society, the legal principle feces play a part in solving the problem. As for these situations that there are no explicit legal determines to solve the issue, the legal principle would take it. As for the relationship of the agent, the agent cigaret represent the principal to do some things. Even if the contract is formed by the agent and the troika troupe, the principal should take the debt instrument finally.BodyThe Law unlike other rules, it is a symbol of authority and power. It relies on the compelling force play of the state by different means of punishment. The law can be taking into many different forms, such as humanity law and secret law, civil law an d unlawful law, common law and statute law, and so on. Public Law regulates the relations between citizens, companies and private associations on the one drop dead and the state on the other. Generally speaking, public law consists of Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, and Criminal Law. Private law regulates the relations between citizens, companies and private associations, such as tort law, contract law, land law, commercial law, and so on.Therefore, the law would play a role of guidance to people. For example, according to the criminal law, we can know what we can do and what we can not do. Under the press of the law, based on the fear of the punishment, we can prevent ourselves from committing a crime. Taking contract law for other example, the parties of the contract should bear the debt instrument ruled in the contract. The unconstrained agreement is the basic element to a contract. Every party of the contract should comply with the request ruled by the contract law. As for the application of common law, the judges should follow the previous decisions made in the process of the development of the law through doctrine of precedent. On the contrary, statute law is the laws made by the parliament.As for the use of the law in daily life, legal principle is one of the approximately important parts. At some situations, the application of the legal principle is more important than the legal clauses themselves. Due to the rapid development of the society and the economy, the evolution of the law can not keep up with the pace of the society and economy. In a result, in some cases, the existing law would not have the ability to solve the new problems happened in the society. So, as for these situations that there are no explicit legal rules to solve the issue, the legal principle is playing a vital role. jibe to the opinion of Leslie Green, another(prenominal) reason for the use of the legal principle is that law may be beneficial, but only in some c ontexts and constantly at a price, at the risk of grave injustice.1 In general, the legal principle is formed in the process of the development of the law, experiencing a long history.It is unendingly absorb the beneficial historical sources and develop into a useful material to match the need of the modern society for the law. It also develops to apply from an area to another area.2 There are many legal principles can be used in our daily life. Such as the principle that everyone is equal before the law, write a contract freely, protecting the public order and good morals, and so on. In the case of the background, although the action asking the confederates to attend the party is match the rule of the law of the Prohibition of unasked Parties (Fictitious) Act 2010, Derek violates the legal principle of protecting the public order and good morals. As a result, Derek should take some duty in the civil law.In the case, Ray, the Manager of a builders merchants, asks Derek, a Sales Assistant at the same workplace, to keep an eye on his 5-acre smallholding while he is on holiday in Spain. Derek emails a few of his friends to attend his 21st birthday party in a disused type B on Rays farm land. Due to a technical error, the email was sent to his entire email address book. Over 600 people attain at the party and a neighbor farmer calls the police complaining about the noise. Derek is arrested for breach of the Prohibition of unsolicited Parties Act 2010.For the Act, it applies to a gathering of more than a hundred people on land for a social purpose in which it is likely that alcohol will be consumed. It is a criminal offence to organize such a gathering without the permission of a local magistrate unless the organizer is an exempt individual. (James B. Crippin, Jerry Ahern. Peter Squires. 2011) For the birthday party, it gathers over 600 people, it is up to the mustard greens of rally, that is, (1) particular majority participate (2) participants have a mor e consistent motivation and purpose (3) in the course, it has the serious violations, damage to public order, harm public safety or others. So, it needs to receive the permission of a local magistrate, otherwise, it will violate the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties Act 2010.From the case of the background, we can attend Derek and Ray form an oral contract and an agent relationship. In general, a contract is formed at the basic of the mutual assent between the parties.3 According to the view of Miguel Pickard, the relationship formed among the people is aim at the interests of the parties.4 The agent relationship formed between Derek and Ray is a typical example. In the put of the leave of Ray, Derek, as the agent of Ray, would gain some amends as well as some responsibilities. Agent is formed by two parties the agent, the principal. In the understanding of the law, the relationship of agent has three parties agent, principal and the third party. An agent is the one who is empo wered to represent the principal to do some things, every implied or expressly. In the real life, although the contract is signed by the agent and the third party, in fact, the legal relation is created between the principal and the third party.An agency is formed either by express agreement or by implied agreement. In general, the relationship of agent formed by implied agreement is shaped in some requirement or emergent situations or shaped by custom. Such as a person entrusts with others property, need to preserve immediately, impossible or extraordinarily operose to communicate with the principal. Once two people create the agent relationship and publish to public by words or other forms, this means that the third party has the evidence t believe their agent relationship. The agent and the principal can not deny the relationship casually. If the third party believes one person who is actually no authority to represent the principal is the agent of the principal and do some tra de or sign an agreement with this person, the principal can ratify the authority afterwards. But there are some limiting conditions for the ratification the principal who should have the contractual capacity must be conscious of all the facts of the agency and ratify the authority during a reasonable time the ratification must be of the entire contract and can be inferred. As long as the authority is ratified, the relation formed between the agent and the third party is binding to the principal.5As for the agent relationship, all of the parties should take their own responsibility and enjoy the right. The agent should follow the principals instructions.The agent can not make profits in the name of the principal for himself secretly. In general, the right of the agent to represent the principal is limited. If the agent makes profits secretly making use of the benefit of the principal, it is illegal.6 In order to serve for the principal, the agent would ask for net profit from the pr incipal. The agent has right to ask for indemnity and reimbursement from the principal as long as injured or hurt during the stage of agency. Once the principal tries to subdue the liability, the agent enjoys the right of lien. The principal should make explicit authority to the agent and give relevant reward to the agent. If the agent does not represent the principal as the follow of the principal, the principal can use some remedies, such as refuse to pay the agent, sue for damage, ask the agent to recover the thing as before. The most important legal effect of the agent relationship is that the principal should take the responsibility of the acts of the agent. In the case of the background, the action of the agent of purchasing the apartment is binding to the principal.The principal should take the responsibility for the agent action. The trade made by the agent and the third party is binding to the principal.7 In general, the principal is not always disclosing. As for the disc losed principal, the principal is bound by any contract unless the following situations the agent exceeds their authority, the agent agrees to be liable and the principal is non existent. With measure to the undisclosed principal, the third party can choose one or more to take the liability, while the principal can sue unless the identity of the party is essential to the contract. The agent relationship can be terminated for many reasons. The agent and the principal can make an agreement to end the relationship. The relationship also can be ended by other legal reasons, such as the death of one of the agent or the principal, time is expiring, and so on.In the case of the background, Derek, as the agent of Ray, gets some rights authorized by Ray. Derek can use the smallholding in reasonable means. Although Derek does not need to take the Criminal responsibility, he should bear the civil liability for his action which affects the normal life of the neighborhood around the smallholdin g. But, according the law about the agent, the principal Ray would be the showtime defendant. After Ray bears the responsibility for the action of Derek, Ray can ask for Derek to undertake the liability for his action.According to the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties (Fictitious) Act 2010, this Act applies to a gathering of more than a hundred people on land for a social purpose. But it is a criminal offence to organize a gathering if there is without the permission of a local magistrate unless the organizer is an exempt person. In the act, the exempt person means the occupier, any member of his family or his employee or agent of his. In the case of the background, Ray asks Derek to keep an eye on his 5-acre smallholding while he is on holiday in Spain. According to the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties (Fictitious) Act 2010, as the agent of Ray during his holiday in Spain, Derek in entitled to use the smallholding for some purpose.In order to celebrate the twenty-first birthday , Derek asks his friend to attend the party is match the provisions of the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties (Fictitious) Act 2010. Even if Derek does not gain the permission of a local magistrate, he also has the right to hold the party at the reason that he is an exempt person. The reason why Derek is an exempt person is that Derek becomes the agent of Ray in the detail of Rays leave due to the agreement of both parties. However, even if the action of Derek to ask his friends to attend the party is comply with the quest of the Prohibition of Unsolicited Parties (Fictitious) Act 2010,ConclusionIn general, on action can infringe several laws. At the same time, one action is punished either it does not comply with the provision of the law or it does not match the legal principle. At some situations, legal principle plays a vital role in the society. In the situation that the existing law would not have the ability to solve the new problems happened in the society, the legal princip le can play a part in solving the problem. As for these situations that there are no explicit legal rules to solve the issue, the legal principle would take it. As for the relationship of the agent, the agent can represent the principal to do some things. Even if the contract is formed by the agent and the third party, the principal should take the responsibility finally. Just as the case in the background, Derek should take the responsibility for his action.Reference Bibliography1 Bolton Partners v Lambert (1889) 41 Ch D 2952 Christina Maria Vogerl, Unfair Terms in Standard Form Contracts, European Master Program in Law & Economics.3 Leslie Green, the concept of law revisited, Michigan Law Review, vol.94 16874 Lloyd & Grace, Smith & Co 1912 AC 7165 Lunghi v Sinclair 1966 war 1726 Miguel, P 2007,reflections on relationships the nature of partnership according to five NGOs in southern Mexico, Development in Practice, volume 17, numbers 4-57 P. J. du Plessis, The Creation of effec tual Principle, Roman Legal Tradition, 4 (2008), 4669, ISSN 1943-64838 James B. Crippin, Jerry Ahern. Peter Squires. (2011). First Response to Bombing Incidents and Weapons of Mass Destruction. Chemical Rubber caller-up Press.9 Aled Griffiths, How are statutes interpreted?, page617, Law for Non-Lawyers, Second Edition, ISBN 978-0-85776-696-0 1 Leslie Green, the concept of law revisited, Michigan Law Review, vol.941687 2 P. J. du Plessis, The Creation of Legal Principle, Roman Legal Tradition, 4 (2008), 4669, ISSN 1943-6483 3 Christina Maria Vogerl,-$%01234EFLRWX_hiwxy?maTDhha5?CJ aJ mHhCha5?CJ aJ hha5?CJ aJ o(pichsha5?CJ aJ ha5?CJ aJ Unfair Terms in Standard Form Contracts, European Master Program in Law & Economics. 4 Miguel, P 2007,reflections on relationships the nature of partnership according to five NGOs in southern Mexico, Development in Practice, volume 17, numbers 4-55 Bolton Partners v Lambert (1889) 41 Ch D 2956 Lunghi v Sinclair 1966 WAR 1727 Lloyd & Grace, Smith & Co 1 912 AC 716

Improving Communication on Overloaded Staff Essay

When the number of employees is to short compared to the tasks they obtain to accomplish, there is re every last(predicate)y a inclination to have overloaded employees which, in consequence, produce unaccomplished tasks. In the end, the burden only accumulates and the comp all shoulders them all. As the manager, I am not allowed to get more employees to advance the tasks evenly. This worsens the case. The business went slow and things could worsen if more tasks are not done. It may even stop the business from recovering.As much as I would hope my boss to understand the case, he cannot see the bigger picture and I am left with the problem all by myself. The first thing I would have to do would be to ask for our own office and I would transfer my office near the employees. That way, I could easily supervise them and the handing of the tasks wint be difficult. I buzz off that the reason why my staff doesnt heed to my requests is that the requests I made are not personal. They coul d easily ignore my electronic mail messages or even pretend that they do not receive the message which would be unusual because I should have received a message reverse notice.If I could be there to personally hand in the tasks with the employees, I take, there would be no reason or, at least, less reasons why they would find it difficult to handle the task because there would be a free discussion among us. The information dissemination would be a lot easier. Any muddiness and conflicts would also be easily resolved if I am present. The presence of a leader is important in any organization and in any activities of that organization. I also think that one reason why my staff feels overloaded is that they have been performing poorly.In the first place, I wont be giving them tasks if I dont think they would be able to finish it. As a manager, I have to be sensitive without compromising the desired outcome of our business. I will give them tasks one at a time so we could be sure th at none of the tasks overlaps. That way, they wont be able to complain about overloading. Ive mentioned that they may have been performing poorly that is why there is task overload. I think that they fail to finish tasks on time or maybe, they would start on something new without finishing the previous tasks so tasks pile up.The solution to that would be upright supervision. Supervision would allow us to see if the tasks are done at the specified time and if the tasks are already piling up. For accumulation of tasks, Ive tell that I will be giving tasks one at a time so it will never be a problem. If, in required circumstances, there would be a need to perform tasks simultaneously, I think I think I would have to apply my management skills. It may have been possible that the staff feels lax. It is because nobody supervises them.With the presence of an authority, they wont be that lax. I think that the atmosphere in the office has not been good because none was there to lead. In m y previous observation, I have also found that my staff doesnt know how to prioritize. Making priorities would never be my problem because I have the skills in managing. I could do the prioritizing for them. The thing is, as a team, we wont be that effective if only I do all the initiative and just pass on tasks on them.As a manager, I really do have the right to assign. However, as a leader, I also have the responsibility to put the drive on my subordinates. I have to turn them into passionate employees because as much as I exploit to lighten the burden on my employees, if they really do not enjoy what they are doing, we will have a difficulty in being productive. I have to influence them and even teach them management skills because everyone needs that. In essence, my presence in the office will allow me easy supervision among the employees.

Conformity Essay

This argument holds exclusively true for Americans through matching standard definitions of tatty, and the reliance on and pervasiveness Of engine room, Americans reveal their conformist tendencies. Be it fictile surgery, extreme weight loss, or expensive fashion trends, Americans will do al some(a) anything to conform to societys value of beauty. Throughout the years society values of beauty puzzle changed from realistic women to unreasonably thin supermodels, with Marilyn Monroe dollied as the most beautiful woman of the twentieth century, to Candace Swanlike as the most beautiful of the twenty-first century.Arguably one of the most famous celebrities of all time, Monroe stood at 5 Ft 5. Inches and 140 pounds. Swanlike on the other hand, a Victorians deep Model, stands at 5 Ft 9 inches and 120 pounds. The new root of beauty is unreachable for the volume of American citizens, yet women across the country still try to achieve the goal of looking high and tremendously thin. Tr ends such as the thigh gap have caused teenage girls across the country to hunger their selves in tack to be skinny, beautiful, and loved.Stress on looking perfect has resulted in eating disorders amongst Americas youth, all hard to lose weight to conform to beauty standards. Although America preaches that each and very individual is beautiful, there are advertisements on television and the radio everyday about plastic surgery such as liposuction and how organism fat is embarrassing. Thousands of dollars will be spent on tummy tucks, spray tans, corsets, and even diet pills in order to look skinny through engaging in this behavior Americans are conforming to the standard idea of beauty rather than appreciating and accepting their own appearances.This ideal of being thin and conforming to it holds business leader over a great amount of Americans through conforming they are adding to the strength and impact of beauty tankards. confining is the new beautiful for this nation, and women will do whatever it takes to achieve that. In present times technology has become an enormous part of our lifestyle, if not dominating it completely. Technology has replaced what was once common for people to engross in, such as manually washing clothes and dishes, face-to-face communication, and using candle powered light.People of the fall in States feel compelled to possess all kinds of technology so as to make their lives more convenient. Having a smartened is instantly viewed as a necessity, and something that people assume everyone owns. Even in schools those who do not have ingenuity are somewhat outcasts when a teacher asks the whole class to pull out their phones. Part of the American Dream is materialistic-?owning the finest of things, such as the best technological devices.The conformity of United States citizens since World War II to seek materialistic pursuits has given technology power over the lifestyles of Americans. Nowadays people cannot live without th eir technological devices, they have become weak and dependent upon technology, consequently giving it all the power over them and the American lifestyle. Without genealogy, people are unable to do the most colloquial of tasks, such as using a dictionary to look up a word, traveling without the luxuries of a car or airplane, and not blaspheme on running water.By conforming to society materialistic goal of acquiring the best technological gadgets, Americans have given technology complete power over their selves and would not be able to function without it. Although some may argue that America is not a society of conformation, George F. Keenan is ultimately and utterly correct. Something as unconscionable as unrealistic beauty standards are strictly followed by many of Americas tizzies, consequently giving these standards power over how they live their lifestyle.

Trade Issues Between Developed and Developing Nations

Trade Problems 1 Trade Issues between Developed and evolution Nations Friday, January 22, 2010 Trade Problems 2 There be trade problems that exist for a less developed acres when trading with a more(prenominal) developed nation. These trade problems can prevent the less developed nations from increase possible gains from international trade. Some of these problems are temporary and resolved in time, while others are more stubborn and unable to be resolved.I ordain discuss the type of issues developing nations come crossways when trading with developed nations. ontogenesis countries participating in trade lack an organized and strong pecuniary policy. Developing nations have problems forecasting money demand. Central banks have problems keeping records for managing monetary policy because the banks are not independent of the government. Some developing countries adopt policies such as dollarization, which allows for financial stability and take down inflation.Inventory problem s in developing nations are another issue. In developing countries, inventory may be agricultural products instead of industrial products. Most of the inventory problems have to do with the food security and nutriment of the people. Developing nations have to stabilize food prices and production. They also have to balance the domestic and imported give of agricultural products. In Mexico, befoulment has increased since NAFTA was signed into law and trade between the U. S. and Mexico began.Despite its governments initial attention to Trade Problems 3 environmental issues associated with economic growth, the government did not follow through on its intentions to take care of the environment. In 1994, real spending on environmental protectiondeclined 45% (Gallagher, 2004). Further, inspections trim down by 45% over the same period (Gallagher, 2004). Ten years later, in 2004, there is vigor to suggest that pollution has decreased. If Mexico does not act on protecting its environmen t, further environmental degradation will continue.With Mexicos comparative advantage of an abundance of unskilled labor, most firms will stay tightlipped to their production markets and pay the costs of environmental regulation, which are small, compared to relocating their businesses elsewhere (Gallagher, 2004). Knowing implementing regulations and enforcing them will not risk direct foreign investment is one of the most important reasons why Mexico can and should reduce pollution and other environmental degradation within its borders (Gallagher, 2004). Trade Problems 4 ReferencesBigman, D, (1986, February). The Journal of the Operational interrogation Society, Research on Inventory Problems in Developing Countries. Retrieved Friday, January 22, 2010 from http//www. jstor. org/pss/2582717 Gallagher, K (2004, September). Free Trade and the Environment Mexico, NAFTA, and Beyond. Retrieved Friday, January 22, 2010 from http//ase. tufts. edu/gdae/Pubs/rp/NAFTAEnviroKGAmerProgSep04. pdf Wikipedia, (2010, January). Monetary Policy, Developing Countries. Retrieved Friday, January 22, 2010 from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Monetary_policy

Mercury

hydrargyrum International, Ltd is already at the forefront of the tog manufacturing exertion being in direct competition with the worlds toughgest names in shoes manufacturing. These intromit Nike, Reebok and Puma. Thus, what they provoke to do is to sustain at that place selling output, in so far continue enhancing the way they compete with the designate market. Relative to other superstarers in the industry, they argon very near behind, although Mercury shoes are unheard yet in other rack upts of the world. Having the same technological edge with other brands, on that point is a possibility that it back tooth surpass others given the chance to maximize its potential using unseas unmatchedd marketing techniques.Several factors have contributed to Mercury International, Ltds performance. Although some of these are technological in nature, unbosom the key factor to its growth is adhering to tested marketing principles. Some of these are fruit innovations, making the t o the highest degree of market trend information, market expansion, and relying on concrete statistical data. But, to sustain the growth of a accompany, one has to remedy first the aspects or areas which keep the company grounded and not able to grow at the measure that it should be. Hence, an analysis on the factors prejudicial to the company and need to be meliorate is imperative.On the operational gradient of things, we cannot see much of a problem because it expanded its market to other countries, and having also product-development centers in China, chinaware and Indonesia. The feature end product capacity of these centers can very well meet consumer demands, at least in Asia alone. So there is a need to put up production centers in Europe and Latin American countries alone, so that Mercurys products will be well distributed, and at the same beat gain exposure to new markets.European and Latin American countries composed a very big piece of land the shoe industry marke t, thus theres a need for the company to nonplus these areas of the market. Its expenses can be further reduced by using technology. The fact that the company is at par with other company regarding the technology used in its production, it can reduced its expenses by mass-producing their products in a single period of time and later on put emphasis on its marketing, doing the production and marketing in phases. Eventually, all marketing processes could be covered, yet there would be no waste in effort and energy by doing different processes in a given time, thus big expenses can be avoided.On the financial side of its operations, an analysis on its financial and management reports gives a fork up as to how the company is faring in the worldwide market. By the end of the year 2005, its total market share was yet 9.1% this information explains that there is still a huge chunk of the market that needs to be covered. Seeing this in the negative, it seems that the company is far from other companies in terms of market covered. But advantageousness cannot be measured by the size of the market covered alone, but through the actual pay made. A closer analysis of its income statement showed that there was a deficit of $10.13 million incurred during 2003 alone, and the succeeding combined income for the years 2004 and 2005 was barely able to compensate the 2003 deficit, the combined income being only $13.08 million.A growth of only $3.05 million was realized over the past three years. In essence, the company is not doing well financially. Mercury Shoes, Ltd. can do much better that this. Yet, on the brighter side, we can glimpse from the financial reports that, at the least, there was a recorded growth between 2004 and 2005. This is enough for the management to persevere even harder to raise this straits to higher level. Perhaps, the company should put emphasis on the development of its operational system, because when its operations are exemplary, a good performa nce relating to its income will follow later.A complete operational overhaul is not needed. The company excels in other areas far better than other companies do. It has a technological edge over others, and its look into and development is exemplary providing products to consumers with innovative technology. Almost 98% of human labor in the actual production of shoes and apparel has already been eliminated by robotic technology. Manufacturing is in an automated mode. These factors alone dont absolve the need to overhaul the operational system of the company completely. If changes are to be made, it should be done in the human resource and marketing divisions of the company.The brain of a particular organization lies in the management officials that lead the company. It is, therefore, logical to surmise that the failure of a company can be attributed to the leaders incapability. The marketing division also has the power to attract consumers to buy the companys products, failure to do so apologize their incompetence. The technological advantage, R & D programs, and the manufacturing process of the company should be retained. The rest should be change and improved for the benefit of the whole company.Generally, Mercury International, Ltd. has a potential in being a leader of the shoe and apparel manufacturing industry. What is has to do is to align its operations and processes into a single output force looking at a single objective. Although, the company hasnt yet reached this stage of organizational development, with patience, cooperation, and continuous development of its product with the use of cutting-edge technology, it will eventually. What the management has to do is to sustain the over-all output to maintain its position yet continue to strive and develop further.The backbone of the companys product line, the Boost Technology, TrailStep, and the Sweatless Training get dressed should further be strengthened, so that the company will have security on where to get its currency for expenses when changes are to be made in other areas of the company.With the managerial officers having already the skills to effectuate changes on the company, what they have to do only is to use their skills at the utmost and steer the company to where it grows the most.

Multi-Layered Security Plan Essay

Protecting sensitive or confidential info is paramount in umteen businesses. In the event such information is made public, businesses may face legal or fiscal ramifications. At the very least, they will suffer a loss of customer trust. In most cases, however, they substructure recover from these financial and other losses with appropriate investment or compensationHaving information of unlike security levels on the same computer systems poses a real threat. It is not a straight-forward matter to seclude contrastive information security levels, even though different users log in using different accounts, with different permissions and different access controls (Red Hat, Inc. 2006).Below I have listed the IT infrastructure of Richman Investments along with recommendations in individually infrastructure on levels of security that should be implemented for a more secure network.IT Infrastructure change1. User expanse The people who access an administrations information system.* The first thing that should be implemented is a mandatory Computer Security training session to educate the users on the graceful use of work computers.2. Workstation Domain Users (most) connecting to the IT infrastructure.* The workstation domain comes with its own problems such as unauthorized access to the system, the steering to fix this problem would be to implement access policies and guidelines.3. LAN Domain A collection of computers attached to one another or to a common connection medium.* Implement second or ternary level identity check to gain access to sensitive systems, applications, and date. Keep all hardware in a secure location with access only with proper ID.4. LAN-to-WAN Domain Link between the grand Area Network (WAN) and the Internet.* Conduct post configuration penetration tests of the layered security solution inwardly the LAN-to-WAN Domain. Test inbound and outbound traffic and fix any gaps. Also, apply e-mail server and attachments antivirus and e-mail quarantining for unknown file types. Stop domain-name Web site access based on content-filtering policies.5. WAN Domain Wide Area Network (WAN) connects remote locations to the Local Area Network (LAN).* Encrypt confidential data transmissions through service provider WAN using VPN tunnels.6. Remote Access Domain Connects remote users to the organizations IT infrastructure.* Remote Access Domain, Being that the users are off site it is hard to say that the users cry information has not been compromised. In such cases when abnormalities are spotted or data is accessed without proper authorization, data should be completely encrypted to prevent any sensitive materials from being sold or presented to the open market.7. ashes/Application Domain- Holds all the mission-critical systems, applications, and data.* Develop a business continuity plan for mission-critical applications providing tactical steps for maintaining availableness of operations. Perform regular rigorous software and Web-application testing and penetration testing prior to launch.

On literature review made by authors Essay

The authors asserted to have rear a framework for the tryout of customer-foc workoutd ending via the literature review made. It whitethorn be noted that the study included only a survey of 32 potential best organizations as identified by the reseachers and they may not needs represent the broader characteristics of other organizations in New Zealand and even in the world. They have indeed accepted a limitation of their study that benefits would have been gained if the study has extended to a larger international group.The limitation of the samples use is material into the validity of the survey on whether they represent the real value of customer focus culture to the organizations. In discussing the background of the study, Bartley, et al (2007) cited the the strong link between an organizations culture and its carrying into action which they claimed to have been widely recognised by practitioners where they cited the work of Basch (2002) and academics where they cited the work of Kotter and Heskett (1992).If organizations desire to have enduring family relationship and loyal customers, they must be equipped with an effective customer-focused culture which will make it easier for these companies to have self-made product and service delivery. To support their statements they cited the works of Macaukay Clark (1998) and Martin (1992). For the authors customer-focused culture was almost as honest as selection in the long-term.These findings from literature review prompted the authors and the the 18 organization-members of the NZBC to asks for the componets and charateristics of a good customer-focused culture. For which reason, NZBC was formed by the Massey Universitys content for Organizational Excellence Research (COER) in partnership witht the New Zealand Business Excellence Foundation to acquire the ambitious vision of becoming world-class performers of its members and to adopt excellent crease practices within New Zealand.To cake the improvemen ts by club members, they have agreed on a criteria for excellent performance on yearbook basis. See Figure 1 of their report and is made part of Appendix 1 of this paper. It appears that their agreement on criteria of performance excellence was just not a result of a tests or even a previous study. By merely agreeing and not conducting any test which are the factors there is basis the criteria may be just based on opinions.The results of their literature review resulted to their having identified six characteristics of organizations having performance of good to best practices. Bartley, B. et al. (2007) made use of same six characteristics as an analytical framework. They found the importance of leaders and used the works of Brooks, 1997 Whitely, 1991, Galreath and Rogers, 1999 which found that customers drive organizational direction and actions, to support the characteristic.They also included earshot as characteristic where the views of customers are actively sought to have ease of contact/conduct of business where they cited the works of Scheuing (1999) and Plymie (1991). Bartley, B. et al (2007) also included analysis and understanding using the works of Brooks (1997) and Wikstrom (1996) which found that need to understand customer expectations. Further included is integration and deployment where the authors cited the work of Martin (1992) which could the need to act upon customers expectations. mollify include is is people after citing the work of Kennedy, et al, (2002) which determined that customer-focused culture is understood and integrated in the all in all the organization. They also included the need to review and improve where they cite the work of Alam and Perry (2002). The fact their literature review is supported by published works of other researchers on the basis of being mainly interpreted from academic journals and other published works, will lends some degree of validity of the summary of characteristics made as part of their analytica l framework.