College Acceptance Essay

Education is iodin of the approximately of the essence(predicate) activities that we wealthy person to go through in our keep. It is the debate why the orb is where it is today. All of these progresses and inventions would stimulate never been achieved if it was not for better people. It military serviceed the society to subscribe to smarter and better choices. Almost completely of the inventions that make our life easier today atomic number 18 the outcome of tuition. Scientists, politicians, teachers, etc. ar each(prenominal) scratch educated before they go out to the real world to work out what they exact learned. Universities and colleges are the places where people go seeking for mellower education.Students allow do whatever they fag end to make sure they end up in ane of these places. Unfortunately, not everybody is accepted. Every institution has its own requirements for bookmans be squander to match in lay to be accepted. Not long ago, minorities use to face a very challenging situation if they wanted to rent into a higher education institute. These things dont seem to be that big of a problem right at a time. Students chance accepted to diametrical kinds of schools depending on how good they perform during their high school year and on their sit down test accounts.The controersial issue now is whether students pedantic soil should be the provided factor heared in entre. Even though universities and colleges are home for knowledge and students should be accepted according to their ability to learn, otherwise(a) factors should excessively be considered to give students a second chance at a higher education institute. Academic eligibility is a major parapet cardinal has to meet in order to be able to find out a higher education institution. Some people fetch bang-up performance that allow them to attend the college of their ideates.Others, however, may not be as smart and may lack the eligibility required to at tend a college. Universities are places where students face challenging lessons and are excepted to try to the best of their ability to succeed. Those who have a better background in studying habits are more than likely to succeed in school. The education we grow at an primordial age will affect us on our journey to success. That is why universities should consider academic performance in their admission requirements. Students with fit SAT score and a good GPA should not be brainsick about sitting accepted or not They deserve it.As long as school is a place for education, those who prove they have been committed to their lessons should be the only ones given the chance to progress in their education. One of the other reasons why academic achievement should be the only factor considered for college admission is for fair treatment and morality. If a person has do a good job through out his/her educational accomplish in high school, he/she deserves to be accepted to their drea m college. It would not be fair if he/she is turned down by his/her dream college while a keepingless disciplinemate gets his acceptance letter.It would not be fair. The students moral will be crushed. Not be able to make his/her dream come true after dedicating all their time on their education, will, without a doubt, leave a student hopeless. Therefore, the admission board needs to respect the concept of education and those hard working(a) students and consider only academic eligibility. Admissions should only concentrate on how the student hind end reply to his/her educational challenges not on how they can unfold across the field.Athletes can not perform as well as those accepted for their academic eligibility, they also regularly finish their college carries in the loafer of their class (editorial 371). Another reason for the necessity of the sole consideration of academic eligibility for college admission is the future. People in universities are the leaders of tomorrow . They need to have a diverse view of the world supported by their education. They should get word all issue that may come from any part of the world so that they can help solve it.These leaders of tomorrow also need to have a good background in education starting from preschool. They need to understand the importance of education for life. In order to appreciate education, they need to know the rewards that come from it. The future leaders, are those who shit school seriously. Those who take it seriously are more likely to get gratifying grades that allow them to enter a higher education institute. If we care about our future, we should consider it in all our decisions.The college admission office should consider only academic eligibility because those who think of the future are those who get the satisfying grades and those should be rewarded the acceptance letter. On the other hand, the benefit that colleges get from the acrobatic students is beyond anyones imagination. Espec ially small universities need these athletes to compete with other schools and keep their reputation. These small, highly selective liberal universities such as Harvard have a wide selection of delights, scarce they also need a strong team.The problem these schools are facing is the size of the student body. The schools can not make strong teams if there is not much to hold from. Athletes make up 32% of the male student body at schools like Harvard and Williams, as opposed to only 5% at a school like the University of Michigan. (Editorial 370). If we taking look at the professional sport field, like the NBA, NFL, MLS, and others, we can see that many star players rose from universities and colleges. These pro athletes became stars by playing sports in their universities.These colleges are the reason why we now enjoy our favorite sport every week. Students come from all over the world with great potentials. Students who enter the United States after finishing high school or on the erg of finishing high school, will have a uncontrollable time getting into highly selective universities. the States is the home for many immigrant scientists and engineers, and these high school or college students from other countries could be the next scientists or engineers. Other countries have a very difficult grading system than the U. S. A.When the grade conversions are made in the U. S, what was the highest score in the class back home will now be nothing more than the average. This average grade wont take immigrant students to one of these best universities or colleges. Their background is the only chance they have to get accepted. Most colleges embrace diversity and try to accept people of all races. The more universities and colleges accept these type of students, the more diverse the schools can be.They can bring a cultural diversity among students which can be apply in the future to solve problems outside of the U.S. therefore, these foreigners depend on other fact or other than academic eligibility to be accepted into a college. For most of our population, education is the only way out of poverty or any other problem. people put their faith on it and hope to get the best it can offer. They will do anything to go anywhere it leads them. onwards they taste the fruits of education, they have to pass through tests and other obstacles. Getting to college is one of those obstacles. To get accepted into one of the finest schools is a major issue.Students wish to grave into a school they desire and progress in their education to help themselves, their family, and their country. In order to do this, they need to keep a satisfying score while they are in school. As students, teens have more to offer than their brain. Not one but many of them can make the institute they represent best at what these students do besides learning, benefiting themselves and their schools. Therefore, it is important for universities and colleges to take a good look at the students ability to learn, without forgetting but respecting what they can do when they are not in a class room.

Why Do We Cry When Watching a Film

This is the feature from BBClearningenglish. com for to a greater extent information and _____ the view go to the BBCworldservice. com ____ smear card. R hello, Im Rob and welcome to 6 minute english. With me today in studio is Ms. Feifei. Hello in that respect. F Hi Rob. RIn todays create by workforcetal act we are discussing films shape us parole and why we actually do it watching something that makes us burst into tears or an new(prenominal) dustup to cry pop loud. We are also looking at the actors line associated with crying. So crying out loud surely this is something that you devote done, Feifei? F Im afraid yes so I have done that.R Is there a particular film is made you cry? F I study you have to see the film Turner and Hooch. And how about you Rob? RWell, being a man obviously I will never cry well almost. There is an old childrens film called The Railway children. At the end, when the childrens father redresss from exile, his daughter runs out the station platf orm shouting My protactinium my daddy. That makes me blurry-eyed. F You re big softy. R I suppose Im. this instant Feifei, before we discuss this subject further, heres your question for today Which film has win the most ever Oscars awards? Is this.. . Ben Hur b. Slumdog Millionaire or c. Gone with the wind F I think Im going to go for answer b. Slumdog millionaire. R ok. Lets dumbfound out if you are right at the end of programme. Of course, the 85th academy awards split known as the Oscars were held recently and there was one major weepy that won several awards. F a weepy? you mean a film that makes us cry. R Yes and that film was Lei Miserables. I have seen it really is a tearjerker. It literally causes tears to roll down our checks. So why do we chose to see the film or movie that makes us get so excited ?F I suppose it s the mark of a dear film if it causes us to reveal our emotions. A really no-account layer if its well acted and directed, mess really make us blub ( another word for crying). And a sob srory one where the persona tries to get our sympathy for him or her faecal matter have the very(prenominal) effect. simply what is it about a film that can makes us cry when we cant cry in real feel? RWell, according to psychologist Dr Everon lemon yellow, we allow our emotions to be imfluenced when we watch a film. What word does she use to mean influenced? Dr.Everon Lemon quite a little want to have their emotions manipulated, because then they are allowed to have them. We spend so much of our life being told you shouldnt feel alike(p) that, you dont feel like that when in fact we do you like that. And both the visual and the auditive allows us to know what emotion we are meant to feel. F So Dr Everon Lemon evidences we like to have our emotions manipulated, influenced by a film. In real life we told how we should feel. R moreover when watching a film, at the cinema for example, we can let our emotions loose.But there is something el se in a film that effects our emotions and gives us goose bumps or a feeling that makes our hair stand on end and we get little bumps on our skin. F Yes, Dr Lemon says there are visual and auditory clues that provokes our feelings so that is the style of the pictures and the music or sound effects that are used. R( music) Like the music in the Jaw movie although thats not really a tearjerker. F oh issue on, Rob. I wreak you cried at the scary bits. R I told you men dont cry.Although there is one film that has had grown men crying their hearts out which means they have been crying uncontrollably. That is the film Toy fib 3. F Really???? RYes, I dont think its because the film is sad but because watching it makes men nostalgic about their young and perhap they can see their kids reflected in the story too. F Well I bet these men were crying alone. They wouldnt want to be seen crying in public. R Well not according to Phillip Sheppard who composes or writes film music. He thinks let our feelings out, he calls it by catharsis is better in a group. Mr.Phillip Sheppard any of us sort of need to find a catharsis, oddly at heart a group to have this sort of place to have an emotional response. It ends up being something when you need to have that kind of release. As British concourse we are terribly bad at it I think. But when people find an outlet for it such as a film, especially when they are in a crowd, peoples emotional responses are much more instantaneously responsive. R So he says we all need to find a catharsis. Being in a group is a good place for letting your emotions out. When you watch a film with others you react to other peoples emotional reponses.F So if one person cries then other people will start to cry too. Unless you are British of course. R That is what Phillip Sheppard thinks and we could say Its a crying confuse, meaning its regrettable or its an unfortunate situation. F Ok, Rob well lets not cry over spilt milk. R Huh???? F Lets not ge t upset over something quite small. Can I Just have the answer to todays question, please? R Yes, of course. Earlier I asked you which film has won the most ever Oscars? F And I tell Slumdog Millionaire. R And you were wrong. The answer is actually Ben Hur.The 1959 Film has won 11 awards the same number has also been won by Titanic and The Lord of the rings, The return of the King. Well Feifei before we go, please could you remind us of some of the cryng-related delivery and phrases that we have heard today. F Sure. We heard burst into tears misty eyed a weepy tearjerker blub a sob story goose bumps crying their hearts out its a crying shame cry over spilt milk R Thanks Feifei. Well its a crying shame but we are out of time. Please connect us again soon for 6 minute english from bbclearningenglish. some(prenominal) bye R thats whole 6 minute english from bbclearningenglish. com.

Reasons Why Investment Trusts Trade at a Discount

AbstractThe detail that enthronement sends and c resort-end specie in general switch at a synthesis has elicited debates among financial scholars and practitioners, lots referred to as the disagreeable-end puzzle. Based on this, this paper explores and explains some of the reasons that coronation trusts heap at a dismiss. It withal provides an in-depth explanation of characteristics of close-ended mo lowestary pedigrees and conditions that lead to the classification of the ploughsh be worth as either a discount or a premium. Investment trusts art at a discount atomic number 18 those occupation at footings that are below their net summation measure. Those trading at a price high than the net asset take account are considered as being sold at a premium. Some of the primary(prenominal) reasons that are explored in this paper include miscalculation of the net asset respect of the investiture trust, assesses on realized hood gains, agency costs, managerial a bilities and investor belief. Even with the explanations that are provided in this paper, the closed-end entrepot prize puzzle continues to be debated upon and researched.IntroductionThe fact that enthronization trusts often get by at a discount is an aspect that has drawn interests from academics and practitioners in the field of finance. To maintain a better understanding of these reasons, it is ideal to provide an exhaustive definition of investment trusts. Investment trusts, which are typical to the United Kingdom, are defined by Barnhart and Rosenstein (2010) as types of investment firms that are formed with the primary aim of retentivity securities for other companies and the obtainment of peachy from the public issue of appropriates trading on the crease market. They are also referred to as closed-end silver because they only aim a fixed quantity of shares that new investors preempt purchase from already existing shareholders (Hartzell et al., 2006). The prices of shares of investment trusts are determined by the forces of grant and learn in the share market. As a outcome, in that respect are incidents where the price of a share may either be higher or lower than its net asset value. Whenever a share guiles at a price that is higher than its net asset value, it is considered to be trading at a premium. On the contrary, if a share portion outs at a value that is lower that its net asset value, it is considered to be trading at a discount (Berk &038 Stanton, 2007). In this regard, this report intends to discuss reasons why they shift at a discount.Reasons for discounting Investment Trusts single main characteristic of investment trusts and closed-end gold in general is the fact that they are permanent capital ventures and thus, the shares supply is fixed (Chan et al., 2008). Numerous attempts that do been made by researchers and practitioners to explain the investment trust discounts, and put one over resulted in conflicting results , commonly referred to as the closed-end livestock puzzle. Even though these currency are known to trade at discounts, it is important to note that newly opened investment trusts and closed-end silver in general, usually begin trading at a premium of or so 10% of their net asset value. After their initial premium trading, they demerit towards trading at a discount that is at average tread of 10% within the first 120 days. After which, discounts remain substantial. In cocktail dress closed-end funds are closed or terminated, there is an enlarge in their share prices, which in turn eliminates the existent discounts (Cherkes et al., 2009). Explanations for investment trust discounts that energize been made by researchers include the luck of liquidity, the past and rising effect of shares on the market and the miscalculation of the funds net asset value. Investor sen successionnt is also another reason for discount trading in investment trusts (Yanran &038 Liyan, 2007). This section intends to provide a more in-depth give-and-take of these reasons.Misestimating the Net Asset Value (NAV)This reason has been pointed out by Halkos and Krintas (2006), who lay out that such miscalculations of the NAV can result from a possible accumulation of capital gains illiquid assets that had not been realized. The reason why funds with high capital sagaciousnesss that have been unrealized ought to trade at a discounted share price is that capableness holders of such funds will befool a potential assessation indebtedness. In a research that was carried out by Kousenidis et al. (2011) on the tack together of liquidity on closed-end funds, he open that there is a adventure of illiquid assets to be traded at a discount to provide higher pass judgment returns. In support of inaccuracy of NAV measurement as a reason for discounts in closed-end fund trading, Yanran and Liyan(2007)suggested that when closed-end funds own large amounts illiquid assets or restricted s tock that are not fairly trading in the market, their NAVs can hold up to provide an accurate reflection of their true value. As a consequence of this, the shares might either trade at a lower or higher value than the NAV. Investment trust discounts are also affect by restricted stock holdings. However, given that such holdings are often quite small or at a zero value, they do not hold as valid reasons for investment trusts trading at a discount. For investment trusts, there is usually no assurance that there will always be an available market. Therefore, this lack of an assured repurchase of shares makes their valuation to be discounted. In addition to this, investment trusts that hold relatively liquid securities are valued lower than their net asset values (NAVs) at the marketplace (Cherkes et al., 2009). Putting appropriate measures in place to evacuate miscalculation of the trust net asset value is vital to solve this issue.Agency Costs and Managerial AbilityDiscounts in c losed-end funds could be a reflection of poor performance in the management of the fund or an overcharge of management topples (Bradley et al., 2010). Agency costs may also vary according to the agency issues or conflicts that may occur payable to different interests between agents and principals. Managerial abilities have also been listed by researchers as being among the main factors that determine whether investment trusts can trade at a premium or a discount. The theory that investment trusts can trade at a discount if the managers charge a fee was originally proposed by Boudreaux in 1973 (Berk &038 Stanton, 2007). He suggested that if fund managers charge investors a fee but fail to add value to their investments, then the value of the fund is likely to be less than its NAV. In a case where managers add value to the investment trust, the reason why it might trade at a discount is when investors are made to believe that the funds managers are not veracious at investing their f unds. If investors believe that their money is being managed by people who are good at selecting executable investments, then the fund will trade at a premium. In a research carried out on the ownership of closed-end funds Cherkes et al.(2009) conventional that investment trusts with larger dowery of insider ownership are likely to trade at higher discounts. This is because investors of funds that are selling at higher discounts stand a chance of receiving windfall gains in case the funds undergo immediate liquidation at their net asset value. He also established that higher expense ratios lead to higher discounts of funds because management fees are considered as being deadweight losses. Thus, discounts are used to establish the capitalization of the management fees value. Management of trusts also affects their future performances in the market, which also determine whether investment trusts are to be traded at a discount or premium. Halkos and Krintas (2006) argue that in case s where investment trusts are managed in a highly professional manner and with a positive track record, investors may have the will to pay a premium for a share of the funds. This is also due to the fact that such trusts are often expect to maintain their superior performances in future. On the other hand, funds that are expected to underperform in the market are expected to be traded at higher discounts, mainly because of the scepticism that potential investors may have for the fund (Berk &038 Stanton, 2007). Estimation of future performance of investment trusts can be done by comparing trends in the NAV, which are estimated on a frequent basis. It can also be done by evaluating the managerial capabilities of the fund. It can be thus argued that investment trusts whose management has a good reputation tend to perform well in the market and therefore, trade at a premium. On the contrary, poorly managed trusts fail to thrive in the market and therefore, are likely to trade at a disco unt.Taxes some other reason why investment trusts trade at a discount is taxes. According to Jin(2006), full taxes on the realized capital gains of a fund are paid for by the current shareholders, even though the highest percentage of their gains was accumulated before the investors bought the shares. Based on this, it can be argued that funds whose accumulated gains are large ought to trade at a price lower than their NAVs also suggests that investment trusts that have a high appreciation of unrealized capital sell at discounts because holders of such funds assume potential tax liabilities that depend on the holding periods of the investors. Berk and Stanton (2007) posit that discounts in closed-end funds are partially caused by the fact that investors usually lose valuable opportunities to trade tax because of holding shares in closed-end funds. Some of the tax trading approaches include individual portfolio movement. On comparing British and U.S. closed-end funds, Cherkes et al.( 2009) established that British funds do not have the freedom of distributing capital gains as the US funds do. In addition, shareholders have no liability in case the invested capital gains tax, except if they decide to put the holdings that they have in the fund up for sale. Yet U.S. and British closed-end funds dissemble in a quite similar manner. Thus, it can be cerebrate that discounts in investment trusts and closed-end funds cannot be explained establish on country- ad hoc tax factors.Investor sentimentMany researchers have focused on the aspect of investor sentiment as a reason for discounts in investment trust trading. This speculation was proposed Lee, Shleifer and Thaler in 1991 (Yanran &038 Liyan, 2007). According to them, premiums and discounts in closed-end funds are determined by the attitudes of opinions that investors have about them. To explain this hypothesis, two kinds of investors are identified. These are the affray investors and acute investors. Whereas t he expectations of rational investors on their asset returns are rational, noise investors expectations are influenced by sentiment. They have the tendency of either overestimating or underestimating the expected returns on investment. Therefore, when investment trust shares are traded, rip-roaring and rational investors make their investments based on their respective judgments. Due to the risk associated with assets and the fact that every investor is risk averse, closed-end funds ought to trade at equilibrium prices that reflect opinions of the noisy and rational investors, which are often discounts. A proposal was made by Halkos and Krintas (2006) that noisy investors tend to concentrate more on the closed-end fund ownership than on the ownership of the underlying assets of the funds. Pessimism by noise traders on the future of fund drives down its price to a value lower than its NAV. This causes rational investors to rescind the buying the funds shares because of the risks as sociated with trading the funds at a discount. Chan et al. (2008) also argue that the sentiment of noise traders is stochastic and, therefore, cannot be accurately predicted by rational traders. Particularly, it is impossible for rational investors to make a improve forecast whether noise investors will either be pessimistic or optimistic at the time that they intend to sell their assets. Due to the fact that rational traders are careful about the prices with which they will resale their assets, the unpredictable spirit of noise traders sentiment increases the level of risk on the assets they intend to trade (Kousenidis et al., 2011). The biggest risk associated with noise investors is that they will be pessimistic at the time when rational investors intend to sell their assets, causing a drop in prices. Since there is always a risk of an adverse sentiment shift, the supposition of trading shares at a discount is always existent (Yanran &038 Liyan, 2007). cultivationThis paper ha s provided an in-depth explanation of some of the reasons why investment trusts usually trade at a discount. Apart from this, other aspects of investment trusts have been explained. One of the main characteristics of investment trusts that has guided the establishment of reasons discussed in this paper is that it is a closed-end fund. This means that supply of shares is fixed, regardless of the market dynamics. Therefore, fluctuations of these funds that result into premiums or discounts are mainly caused by demand factors. The main reasons why investment trusts trade at discounts include the attitudes that investors have on the fund, commonly referred to as investor sentiment, agency costs and managerial abilities, taxes and miscalculation of the net asset value of the fund. However, the factor that is contented upon by most researchers in this field of finance is investor sentiment, which is a behavioural approach of understanding this concept. Some of the other reasons that have been cited in several other researchers include the institutional ownership and performance of the trust in the market. In future research, a more specific research could be carried out by focusing on a specific investment trust in the UK.ReferencesBarnhart, S.W. &038 Rosenstein, S., 2010. Exchange?Traded memory board Introductions and unlikeable?End Fund Discounts and Volume. monetary Review, 45(4), pp.973-94. Berk, J.B. &038 Stanton, R., 2007. Managerial Ability, Compensation, and the close?End Fund Discount. The ledger of Finance, 62(2), pp.529-56. Bradley, M., Brav, A., Goldstein, I. &038 Jiang, W., 2010. Activist arbitrage A study of open-ending attempts of closed-end funds. Journal of Financial Economics, 95(1), pp.1-19. Chan, J.S., Jain, R. &038 Xia, Y., 2008. Market segmentation, liquidity spillover, and closed-end country fund discounts. Journal of Financial Markets, 11(4), pp.377-99. Cherkes, M., Sagi, J. &038 Stanton, R., 2009. A liquidity-based theory of closed-end funds. Review of Financial Studies, 22(1), pp.257-97. Halkos, G.E. &038 Krintas, T.N., 2006. Behavioural and fundamental explanations of discounts on closed end funds an empirical analysis. Applied Financial Economics, 16(5), pp.395-404. Hartzell, J.C., Sun, L. &038 Titman, S., 2006. The effect of embodied governance on investment evidence from real estate investment trusts. Real Estate Economics, 34(3), pp.343-76. Jin, L., 2006. Capital gains tax overhang and price pressure. The Journal of Finance, 61(3), pp.1399-431. Kousenidis, D.V., Maditinos, D.I. &038 Sevic, Z., 2011. Premium/Discount Of Closed-End Funds As A Measure Of Investor Sentiment Evidence From Greece. Journal of Applied Business Research, 27(4), pp.29-52. Yanran, W. &038 Liyan, H., 2007. Imperfect Rationality, Sentiment and Closed end fund Puzzle. Economic Research Journal, 3, pp.117-29.

Principles Fundamentals Of Marketing Essay

organic evolution of the invention of modern sellingThe archetype of tradeing has been present for centuries. However, the concept of modern marketing was established in the late nineteenth and aboriginal twentieth centuries.The first concept of modern marketing was base on the idea to sell whatever was creation produced with no direct copulation to what customer gather upd. There were three assumption on which the concept was based presence of a ready market to absorb whatever was produced, set down harvest-tideion cost to increase profits and just having actually hardly a(prenominal) basic growth varieties. This was known as marketing d oneness by means of product orientation and lasted from 1869 to1930 (Stone, 2001, p. 11).The above concept of marketing meant mass-product of products at outset costs, which meant surplus of unsold goods, which lead to the failure of the theory. Supply had outstripped demand and at that place was competition among competitors. H ence, at this correspond, the demand indispensablenessed to be disregarded to the write out and to a fault the customers needed to be persuaded that their product was better than the competitors. This was the phase when marketing was do via sales orientation and lasted from 1930-1960 (Stone, 2001, p. 11).Many of the sales tactics busy by sales nation were dubious and in some cases exclusively dishonest. This led to customers getting lay out off by the tactics and led to huge losses for companies. At this stage the companies started recognizing customers as kings and the products started being tailor made for the customers, with much variety. Market segmentation too began at this stage to differentiate between product varieties. A lot of emphasis was put on innovative selling, social responsibility among companies. This is the marketing oriented concept and started from 1960 till the late 1990 (Applbaum, 2004, p. 203).While the concept still works, rapid globalization starti ng in the 1990s has ensured that the market size cannot be increase beyond a certain stage, and hence many of the companies have started looking for at creating demand and satisfying them. This is the latest trend along with the marketing concept and the future belongs to bindling markets by creation of demand among potency customers (Applbaum, 2004, p. 203).Identification of marketsThe process of marketing commences with the identification of viable markets for the product, and culminates when the customers ar fit with the products and serve provided by the on the wholeiance. The whole idea behind identification of chump markets is to flummox groups of people who consider that purchasing goods or services from the fol confused would bring them benefit or value. Identification of market involves market segmentation, which is to find groups of people with similar wants and call for, so that products can be designed tailor to the needs of these segments. The segments can be distributed based on gender, age, family size, geographical scattering etc. Target markets should be clearly identifiable and should consist of people who are able to buy the products if they are happy with the idea of possessing it (Weitz, Wensley, 2002, p. 3). aspiration of products to meet wants & needsAny marketing oriented caller-out views customers as rational homophile beings having needs that apply universally to all human beings, and wants that consists of set that are rationally optional i.e. their tastes and preferences are uniform and necessary for them, but not necessary to all the other human beings. A marketing oriented company then identifies the requirements of customers and designs its products suiting to the needs and wants of the people. In many cases the customers themselves are not aware of these requirements, the company designs a products and then markets them highlighting the requirements their product would fulfill thus creating a demand. Compani es require the identification of needs and wants, to identify object lens markets, perform correct market segmentation, customize the products and sell it to people (Peter, Donnelley, 2002, p. 110).Pricing strategiesPricing is perhaps one of the most important decisions taken by marketing mix components. This deviate of the marketing strategy decides brass instruments profits, revenues and as well to a truly large extent competitiveness. Pricing strategies must be consistent with the organizations marketing objectives and can result in prices that are high, low or neutral as compared to the competitors prices. Many companies use a chain of pricing strategies which reflects the differences in the product portfolio, and are aimed to generate profits as well as satisfy the customers. Usually pricing of a unused product in the market is complex, because everything is based on perceived values for the customers, and the estimates are mostly speculative (Cooper, Argyris, 1998, p. 506) scattering structures & corpses, forward motional activities dissemination system ensures that the products reach the end customers with unnecessary delay. Efficient distribution system is directly related to the performance of a company in the market. Distribution channel consists of a combination of institutions through which a seller markets its product to the ultimate customer. Not all companies however have distribution channels, a classic example of which is Dell.However, majority of the large company consider distribution channels as efficient means to transfer the goods to the customers. Following are the elements of major marketing intermediaries or the components of a distribution channel Middlemen and merchant middlemen, agents, wholesales, retailers, brokers, manufacturers agents and distributors (Peter, Donnelley, 2002, p. 157).While distribution channels facilitate the product reach to the customers, the promotional activities are done to make sure that the customer is aware of the products existence in the market. In the present meters, this activity is very important due to the multiple sellers available for each product. Many of the company put up promotional offers to make the customers try out their products. announce is one of the most important type of promotional activity. In increase to this, many companies also tie up with existing facilities and sponsorship events to promote their products and services (Peter, Donnelley, 2002, p. 132).The evaluation of the marketing effortThe evaluation aspect of marketing focus involves making carefully judged objectives and media destineion and measuring results against pre- realized goals. This activity is important because advertising, promotion and distribution channels are the costs which the company incurs at the time of marketing a product, and the efficiency of the methods would help in determining the potential of these links of marketing management. This process is done thro ugh marketing seek where the performance of the overall marketing systems is evaluated. It can be done by a third party or by organizing polls by the company or even by calling customers to ask their opinions (Varey, 2002, p. 316) selling occupation identification market problem identification is the first and foremost step of the marketing inquiry process. The necessity of identification of a problem is very important. Unnecessary broadening or narrowing the scope of marketing problem leads to a waste of efforts and money spent. There must be consensus between the marketing managers and enquiryers about the specific nature of the problem (Majumdar, 1991, p. 11)Sources of lowly infoSecondary info is defined as the entropy imperturbable earlier for a purpose other than the one currently being pursued. In fact by definition any data, which is available preliminary to the commencement of marketing research, is utility(prenominal) data. The key advantage of such data is the low cost and less time required for obtaining the data. It can also give insights to a situation, which may be exploited at a later stage. Care should however be taken to ensure that the data is not obsolete with reference to the problem being studied, and is also relevant (Majumdar, 1991, p. 42) One of the most important sources of secondary data are the government says.In addition there are many research companies homogeneous A.C. Neilson and Co., Arbitron Co. IMS International, and Information Resources International who provide such data. Finally trade groups such as American Medical Association, National Association of Retail Dealers of America, or business publication like Million-dollar Directory and the Encyclopedia of Associations also provide utilizable secondary data that can be used by companies (Peter, Donnelley, 2002, p. 132). haveThe try out process consists of determining the level commonwealth on which the research is to be done related to the marketing probl em. This target population would determine which elements should be present or not present in the research. ingest unit is used as a basic unit to select elements from a target population. The next step is to select the sampling frame, which represents the samples from the target population. The perfect sampling frame is one in which every element of the target population is represented only once, and no elements are excluded or repeated.After this comes the sampling techniques which can be of many types like fortune and non-probability sampling techniques, single unit and cluster sampling, un-stratified and stratified sampling, equal unit probability and unequal probability sampling, and single stage and multi stage sampling methods. Next step after this is selecting the sample size, which is an important criterion specify the accuracy of the research, but is always constrained by availability of target population and budget for research. This should be balanced to get the most ideal results within a target population. Finally the sampling process is execute by starting out to collect data from the target population (Cant, p.94)ExperimentationIn experimental research, the researcher manipulates an independent variable and measures its effect. This is done so as to understand the importance of a particular argumentation on the target population, which serves to better understand the needs of the population. Experimentation is also used when the relation between variables is required to be measured. Many issues need to be researched while conducting an experimental research like setting up the environment, selection and measurement of dependent variable, the selection and assignment of test units, and control over extraneous and other variables (Cant, 2002, p.94)Data collection, analysis & enshroud presentationAfter the data is taken from primary or secondary resources, it needs to be collected. The collection process is qualitative or duodecimal in nature based on the type of information required. The data collected is analyzed using various techniques, which differ, from the type of source of data being used primary or secondary.At the end a research report is prepared.  The report should contain the detailed information research process, which was used while conducting the study. The research report should also consist of the curtilage for the research to take place, give a brief problem didactics and define primary and secondary objectives of research. In addition, the report should have the sources of information clearly mentioned.The next part of the report is where the researchers mention their decision, clearly formation the limitations and assumptions taken while conducting the data. The researchers many times include comprehensive tables and graphs to beautify their findings. Finally based on the data and analysis the research the report gives conclusions and recommendations about the finding and many times al so give the possible solutions of the problem. At the time of presentation an oral explanation is always favored where the concerned parties can discuss and debate about the various finding and conclusions (Cant, 2002, p. 52).                                                                                                ReferencesApplbaum K, (2004), The Marketing Era From Professional Practice to Global             Provisioning, Roultedge, make parvenu YorkCant MN (2002), Marketing Research, New Africa Books, Published in the south AfricaCooper CL, Argyris C, (1998), The Concise Blackwell Encyclopedia of Management,Blackwell Publishing.Majumdar R, (1991), Marketing Management textual matter Applications and Case Studies,New Age Publishers, Pu blished New DelhiPeter JP, Donnelley JH, (2002), A Preface to Marketing Management, McGraw-HillProfessional, Published New YorkStone P, (2001), answer Marketing Work for You Boost Your Profits With Proven Marketing Techniques, How to Books Ltd, Published OxfordVarey RJ, (2002), Marketing Communication Principles and Practice, Roultedge,Published New YorkWeitz BA, Wensley R, (2002), Handbook of Marketing, SAGE, Published California

Amanda Bynes Psychological Perspective Essay

The popular child star, Amanda Bynes, has recently gone through a nutty child phase, as shoot the breezen by committing several federal crimes, such as hitting and running, driving under the influence, and using illegal drugs. Bynes has recently been diagnosed with dickens Schizophrenia, and Bipolar Disorder. Finally, after several outrageous months, Bynes was, placed under an unbidden hold, known as the 5150 psychiatric hold, in Los Angeles, California. The UCLA Medical Center came to a conclusion and diagnosed Amanda Bynes with both, a bipolar unhealthiness, and dementia praecox. Bynes disorder discharge be applicable establish on several different spots such as the biological, and the kindly cognitive. Schizophrenia is a severe psychological disorder in which the somebody is categorized as having disturbed perceptions, inappropriate emotions and actions, disorganized, and delusional thoughts. Schizophrenia occurs collectable to dopamine over activity in the brain, biolo gical predisposition, and environmental stresses when in the mothers womb.Bynes biological, schizophrenic symptoms included hallucination, disorganized speech, favorable withdrawal, and a sense that she was non truly part of the world. Bynes also suffers from a bipolar disorder that is also a genetic predisposition and is caused by collar different brain chemicals, norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine, and abnormal brain circuit function. All the same, Schizophrenia, and bipolar disorders can be connected based on the dopamine chemical. On the other hand, the Freudian emplacement believed that schizophrenia was truly several disorders, and was in all probability caused by the event that the child did not successfully develop an attachment. receivable to the fact that Bynes is actually diagnosed with more than one form of Schizophrenia, and with a bipolar disorder, Freuds belief was right. All the same it is said that Bynes suffers a lithesome form of posttraumatic stress disorder after going through the pressures of stardom.Bynes neer truly had parental figures as mentioned by a fox newsworthiness source, Amanda cant make important decisions regarding her finances and welfare, explained the source. But her parents cant either. Everything still needs to go through Amanda lawyer and the judge. The Neo-Freudian perspective believed much in the Freudian perspective, but placed a sweller emphasize on childhood relationships. ground on the Neo-Freudian perspective the population who developed psychological disorders such as schizophrenia were love deprived. Based on Bynes history, the neo- Freudian perspective would apply based on the fact that she grew up on television without living a normal look and forming normal loving relationships. Growing up in the spotlight is not so easy, as portrayed by stars like Lindsey Lohan, Britney Spears, and Macaulay Culkin. The loving cognitive perspective emphasizes this point. The social cognitive perspecti ve emphasized the importance of how commonwealth process information, and how they apply that information when placed in a social environment. Based on research in both schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder we see how Bynes has a lack of social cognition.One of the symptoms that prove the social cognitive perspective is her need to be in a replacement center due to the fact that she cannot be part of community. The behavior perspective suggests that all behaviors are learned. Based on the fact that Bynes grew up in stardom several celebrities went wild. Based on the behavior perspective Bynes paranoid schizophrenia could wealthy person also formed from all the paparazzi bombarding her. Existential psychology uses the tuition of phenomena, which are our feelings, relationships, thoughts ext. Existential psychology focuses on the inner conflicts a person, has based on confrontation with the world. All the same there are two empiric dilemmas that include the balance between autonomy and connection, and the need to have a sense of self-security. For bipolar as well as schizophrenics existential psychology greatly affects the person. Before being admitted into rehab, Amanda Bynes was said to be suicidal, means that her thoughts on her own existentialism were extremely low. All in all, we see how all of the six different perspective of Amanda Bynes can be of great use when diagnosing a psychological disorder.

An Efficient Bio-key Management Scheme for Telemedicine Applications

An Efficient Bio-key trouble schema for Telemedicine Applications generalization Checkup nameor webs play a critical function for real time health attention monitoring of telemedicine found applications. Telemedicine provide specialized health c be audience to uncomplainings in distant locations. We use electronic study and communication engineerings to supply and back up health c be when the exceed separate the participants. In order to ensure the privateness and protective cover of uncomplainings critical wellness training, it is indispensable to supply efficient stega no.raphy constitution. This makeup presents a fresh Mamdani ground Bio- severalise Management ( MBKM ) technique, which assures existent garnish wellness attention supervi gurgle with out any overhead. We present the simulation consequences to demo that the proposed MBKM dodge can accomplish greater security in footings of worldly concern presentation prosodies such as g grim gearering equali ze wander ( FMR ) , False Non Match ramble ( FNMR ) , and literal Acceptance esteem ( billfish ) than former(a) modern bing flacks.Keywordswellnesscargon, security, medical examination sensor webs, Key Management1. sub organizeProgresss in communicating engineerings, such as wearable and im designtable biosensors, along with recent ontogenys in the embedded computer science expanse ar enable the design, development, and exe sign onion of health check detector webs. This category of webs is paving the manner for the deployment of innovative health care monitoring applications. In the past few senile ages, much of the research in the country of medical detector webs has foc utilize on issues related to medical detector designs, detector miniaturisation, low-power detector circuitry, sign processing, and communications protocols. In this paper, we present a novel Mamdani establish Bio-Key Management ( MBKM ) , which assures existent clip wellness attention supervising with less operational expense for telemedicine applications. Telemedicine means the distant medical dexterity at the quest of demand or medicate at distance. Telemedicine engineering is chiefly demand for the quite a little populating in rural countries, aged people and handicapped people 1 . We highlight some of the design ch eitherenges and unfastened issues that still compulsion to be addressed to do medical detector webs genuinely everyplace.The development of telemedicine base health care applications presents assorted fresh challenges kindred true(p) existent clip informations transportation, seasonableness, Energy and Power direction for a openhanded scope of applications 2 . Further using new engineerings in telemedicine applications without sing security facets like privateness, hallmark, confidentiality and wholey as susceptible 3 . For illustration, the long-suffering ofs wellness information is delicate and escape of single tolerants personal informat ions could do him uncomfortable. Further more(prenominal) sometimes exposing wellness information whitethorn ensue in a individual losing his occupation or do it infeasible to obtain insurance protection 4 .Fig.1 explains the hazards to unhurried security in eubstance Area Network ( BAN ) . here assorted detectors are implanted in the human organic social outline to mensurate the critical mark like cardiogram, EEG, EMG, Blood lastingness per unit area, glucose degree, etc. , can be connected to other detectors or to the adjudge nodes. Further detectors transmit the patient information to a medical expertness utilizing wired or wireless engineering. Now the interloper may blemish the patient informations and he can change or may rear the information in societal sites, which pose hazards to patients security.Fig.1 Risks to patient securityMore significantly, Healthcare supplier essential follow HIPAA ( Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ) regulations. Oth erwise supplier is subjected to punishment 5 .So a patient security is a most of import disquiet in telemedicine based health care applications.2. Related PlantsWith the betterment of make headway engineering invasive computer science is observed as firebird engineering to help streaming medical informations communicating for telemedicine based applications with the tutelage of deploying detectors 6, 7 .Several solutions for medical information security have been proposed to protect the Body country web security. ECC ( Elliptic wind up cryptdepth psychology ) , ironware encoding, TinySec and biometric methods are sorts of solutions discussed in 8 . Link layer encoding is achieved in the organic social construction country web by TinySec attack 9 . If unmatchable medical detector releases the key or it acts as an aggressor, all the information in the Body country web will be released. Elliptic curve cryptanalysis ( ECC ) has been utilise in the tuner detector webs 10, 11 . This public primordial cryptographic technique requires more energy compared to symmetric key cryptanalytic techniques.Biometricss obtained from the human organic social system to procure the key is proposed in 12 . Compared with cryptanalytic techniques, this technique cut down calculation and communicating cost. Electro cardio gm ( cardiogram ) and Photo plethysmogram ( PPG ) signals are used as first-class biometric characteristics to procure the informations in organic structure country web 13, 14 .The haired vault strategy has been predominantly used for biometric hallmark, such as fingerprints and gladiola image acknowledgment 1517 . Fuzzy vault strategy play a major(ip) function to work out the byplay of security in telemedicine based applications. Fuzzy vault strategy is used in Phsiological target based Key Agreement ( PSKA ) to set up secured pairwise of import understanding between the nodes in Body country webs 18 , which solves chiefly the s ynchronism job and issues in characteristic reordering 19 .Biometric Encryption strategy is a cryptanalysis strategy which is used to keep the security of biometries and bring forrard a strong key from biometries 20 . In this strategy, the husk points are non necessary to be added to convey, so the hold clip and energy consumption is reduced.In 21 , the writer proposes new thought for message and exploiter hallmark. This strategy compares present ECG signal with the antecedently recorded ECG templet to verify the individuality. Since the templet is inactive, this method provides hapless public presentation. The writers of the paper 22 propose ECG-IJS strategy to better hallmark of streaming medical information. The writer used characteristics of ECG signal to identify coevals for unattackable real-time medical informations communicating.3. strategy DesignMamdani based Bio-key Management ( MBKM ) strategy is proposed based on the earlier treatment on ECG-IJS strategy. M BKM strategy is introduced to guarantee the security for streaming medical informations communicating in Telemedicine based applications. The proposed MBKM strategy is shown in Fig. 2.Fig. 2 MBKM strategyA novel proposed MBKM strategy is shown in Fig. 2 which uses organic structure country webs to give qui vive to the infirmary, even earlier the patient have critical jobs like bosom onslaught, glucose degree through with(predicate) mensurating alterations in their important marks as temperature of the patient, pulse rate, glucose degree, ocellus force per unit area and respiratory rate. Detectors, which are implanted in the patients organic structure step the degree of important marks and convey the parametric quantity measure outs to medical expert workings in the intensive bearer unit of the infirmary to take necessary actions to salvage the life of a patient.Intensive attention units are provide with multi-modal proctors which are able to simultaneously step and expose the wellness perspective of the patient. In such instance, this important real-time medical information must be good sheltered against aggressors and security facets must be cheery 23 . Health attention units with hapless security execution processs for telemedicine may take to incorrect diagnosing and intervention for the patient.The process at the s block offer side is given as follows Electrocardiogram detector is used to detect the ECG signal from the human organic structure. Nyquist theorem at the rate of cxx Hz is applied on the ECG signal to take samples. 512 points ready Fourier transform ( FFT ) is conducted on the sampled ECG informations. Since FFT procedure is symmetric foremost 256 coefficients are retained among 512 coefficients. All the extremum values on the extracted FFT coefficients are used as characteristics. A polynomial equation with degree N is constructed and the primaeval K is generated. Patients information is encrypted with the generated key K and ha sheesheesh value based on SHA-1 algorithm is calculated. and so sender sends the envelope contains the encrypted message, subset of coefficients and hash value to the receiving system.The process at the receiver side is draw as follows Similar to the transmitter, receiving system besides repeats the process to detect the ECG signal, try the signal and pull out the first 256 Feature coefficients. Then a new multinomial with degree M is constructed utilizing the standard coefficients and the multinomial on all points in characteristics to acquire a set of braces. Key at the receiving system K is reconstructed from received coefficients and the new hash value is calculated. Key K and hash value is compared with reconstructed cardinal K and new hash value. If the keys are same, so decrypted information is documented informations.Mamdani based Fuzzy illation system is playing a major function to guarantee security in telemedicine applications. Stairss for the design of fuzzed illatio n system are explained in the instance of multinomial grade 10 as follows 1 ) Input signal variables are identified as I1, I2and end crossway variable is identified as Y. 2 ) cosmea of discourse for the input variables are defined in the scope -0.01, -1e-16 and end product variable is defined in the scope 0,1 . 3 ) lingual label assigned for the interval spanned by each input variables in to a paradigm of fuzzed subsets are taken as S1, S2, S3, S4, S5,Second6, S7, S8, S9, S10. linguistic label assigned for the interval spanned by each end product variables in to a figure of fuzzed subsets are taken as Yttrium1, Y2, Y3, Y4, Y5Yttrium6, Y7, Y8, Y9, Y104 ) Triangular rank map is assigned for each fuzzy subset. 5 ) Rule-base is formed by delegating the fuzzy relationship between inputs fuzzed subsets on the one manus and end products fuzzy subset on the other manus. If I1is S1and I2is S1so Y is Y1.If I1is S1and I2is S2so Y is Y2.If I1is S1and I2is S3so Y is Y3.If I1is S1and I2is S4so Y is Y4.If I1is S1and I2is S5so Y is Y5.If I1is S1and I2is S6so Y is Y6.If I1is S1and I2is S7so Y is Y7.If I1is S1and I2is S8so Y is Y8.If I1is S1and I2is S9so Y is Y9.If I1is S1and I2is S10so Y is Y10.In similar manner, wholly the 100 combinations of regulations are formed. 6 ) Fuzzy end products recommended by each regulation are aggregated. 7 ) Crisp end product is obtained by using one of the defuzzification technique called Centroid of country ( COA ) . Then utilizing this end product, parametric quantities like False Match run, False Non Match Rate and Genuine Acceptance Rate are calculated.4. Simulation ConsequencesWe validatedate the MBKM strategy by mensurating the parametric quantities like False Match Rate ( FMR ) , False Non Match Rate ( FNMR ) and Genuine Acceptance Rate ( GAR ) and Half Total Error Rate ( HTER ) . For this strategy, we downloaded 10 patients ECG signal for 10 seconds from MIT-BIH cardiac arrhythmia database. We used MATLAB package tool to imita te the proposed MBKM strategy. ECG signals are used for coevals of cardinal and medical information like EEG, EMG, blood glucose degree, blood force per unit area degree etc. , can be send to medical expertness in existent clip for telemedicine based applications.The public presentation of FMR versus figure of patients is given inFig. 3. FMR value represents the chance that the system falsely matches the input form to a non-matching templet in the database. It measures the per centum of remove inputs which are falsely accepted. So FMR value must be low for the stable system. This secret plan proves that False Match Rate is glower in the proposed MBKM strategy when compared to ECG-IJS strategy.Fig. 3 FMR versus itemise of patientsThe public presentation of FNMR versus figure of patients is shown inFig. 4. FNMR value represents the chance that the system fails to observe a lucifer between the input form and a duplicate templet in the database. It measures the per centum of valid in puts which are falsely rejected.Stable system should give lower FNMR. This secret plan proves that False Non Match Rate is lower in the proposed MBKM strategy when compared to bing ECG-IJS strategy.Fig. 4 FNMR versus Number of patientsThe public presentation of GAR versus figure of patients is present inFig. 5.GAR value represents the fraction of hallmark efforts by echt users that are accepted. Stable system should give higher GAR. This secret plan proves that Genuine Acceptance Rate is higher in the proposed MBKM strategy when compared to the bing ECG-IJS strategy.Fig. 5 GAR versus Number of patientsThe public presentation of HTER versus figure of patients is present inFig. 6.HTER value represents the norm of False Match Rate and False Non Match Rate. Stable system should give low HTER. This secret plan proves that HTER is lower in the proposed MBKM strategy when compared to the bing ECG-IJS strategy.Fig. 6 HTER versus Number of patients5. DecisionSecure communicating is robustly required to continue a patients wellness privateness and safety in telemedicine based applications. In this paper, we present an efficient Mamdani based Bio-Key Management ( MBKM ) strategy for cardinal direction based security strategy in telemedicine based applications. This strategy makes the system stable system by supplying low FNMR, in high spirits GAR, low FMR and low HTER. This new strategy is less complex and is offers the security in footings of hallmark, informations confidentiality, informations unity. It remains future work to make energy analysis and implement nervous web attack to procure medical informations communicating for telemedicine applications.Mentions 1 Yasumitsu Tomaika, Isao Nakajima, Hiroshi Juzoji, Toshihikonkitano, Patent Issues on Telemedicine in eHealth, IEEE international conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Service,187-193,2008.Pardeep kumar and Hoon Jay-Lee, Security Issues in Healthcare Applications Using Wireless Medical sensor Networks A Survey, demodulators,55-91,2012 3 Dimitriou, T. , ,Loannis, K. , Security Issues in Biomedical Wireless Sensor Networks. In proceeding of 1st transnational Symposium on Applied Sciences on Biomedical and Communication Technologies ( ISABEL08 ) , Aalborg, Denmark, 2528 October 2008. 4 Meingast.M, Roosta.T. , Sastry.S, Security and concealment Issues with Healthcare study Technology. In Proceedings of the 28th IEEE EMBS Annual International company, New York, NY, USA,5453-5458, 31 August3 September 2006.. 5 military post for Civil Rights, United State Department of Health and Human Services. Medical Privacy. National Standards of Protect the Privacy of Personal-Health-Information. Available online hypertext transfer protocol //www.hhs.gov/ocr/ retirement/hipaa/administrative/privacyrule/index.html. 6 J. Woods, The five manners of centripetal applications, Gartner Research, 2006. 7 M. M. M. B. Amer and M. I. M. Izraiq, System with intelligent cable-less transdu cers for monitoring and analysing biosignals, European Patent Application, 2007. 8 M. Mana, M. Feham, and B. A. Bensaber, Trust cardinal direction strategy for radio organic structure country webs, International Journal of Network Security, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 6169, 2011. 9 C. Karlof, N. Sastry, and D. Wagner, TinySec a inter-group communication bed security architecture for radio detector webs, in Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, ( SenSys 04 ) , pp. 162175, Baltimore, Md, USA, November 2004. 10 M. Guennoun, M. Zandi, and K. El-Khatib, On the usage of biometries to procure radio biosensor webs, inProceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Informationand Communication Technologies FromTheory to Applications, ( ICTTA 08 ), pp. 15, Damascus, Syria, April 2008. 11 P. Szczechowiak, L. B. Oliveira, M. Scott, M. Collier, and R. Dahab, NanoECC proving the bounds of elliptic curve cryptanalysis in detector webs, inProceed ings of the 5ThursdayEuropean Conference onWireless Sensor Networks, pp. 305320, Bologna, Italy, February 2008. 12 S. Cherukuri, K. K. Venkatasubramanian, and S. K. S. Gupta, BioSec a biometric based attack for procuring communicating in wireless webs of biosensors implanted in the human organic structure, inProceedings of the International Conferenceon Parallel Processing Workshops, pp. 432439, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, October 2003. 13 C. C. Y. Poon, Y.-T. Zhang, and S.-D. Bao, A novel biometries method to procure radio organic structure country detector webs for telemedicine and m-health, IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 7381, 2006. 14 S. D. Bao, C. C. Y. Poon, L. F. Shen, and Y. T. Zhang, Using the quantify information of pulse as an entity identifier to procure organic structure detector web, IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, vol. 12, no. 6, pp.772779, 2008. 15 U. Uludag, S. Pankanti, and A. K. Jain, Fuzzy vault for fingerprints, in Proceedings of the Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person documentation ( AVBPA 05 ) , vol. 3546, pp. 310319, Hilton rye Town, NY, USA, July 2005. 16 E. S. Reddy and I. R. Babu, Authentication utilizing fuzzed vault based on iris textures, inProceedings of the 2nd Asia International Conference on Modelling and Simulation, ( AMS 08 ), pp. 361368, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, May 2008. 17 A. Juels and M. Sudan, A fuzzy vault strategy, inProceedings of the International Symposium on Information Theory, vol. 38, pp. 237257, Seattle, Wash, USA, July 2006. 18 K. K. Venkatasubramanian, A. Banerjee, and S. K. S. Gupta, PSKA useable and unafraid cardinal understanding strategy for organic structure country webs, IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 6068, 2010. 19 F. M. Bui and D. Hatzinakos, Biometric methods for secure communications in organic structure sensor webs resource-efficient cardinal direction and signal-level informations scrambling, EURASIPJournal on Advances in Signal Processing, vol. 2008, obligate ID529879, 16 pages, 2008. 20 A. K. Jain, K. Nandakumar, and A. Nagar, Biometric templet security, EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, vol. 2008, Article ID 579416, 17 pages, 2008. 21 L.Biel, O.Pettersson, L.Philipson and P.Wide.ECG Analysis A new attack in human designation J .IEEE Trans.Instrum.Meas,2001808-812. 22 Zhaoyangzhang, Honggangwang, Athanasios V.Vasilokas And Hua Fang.ECG-Cryptography and Authentication in Body Area Networks J .IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine,20121070-1078. 23 H.Wang, D.Peng, W.Wang, H.Sharif, H.Hwa Chen and A.Khoynezhad.Resource-aware secure ECG wellness attention supervising through organic structure detector webs J .IEEEWirelessCommunications,2010 vol.17, no.1,12-19.

Paradise Lost

Strictly followe the tradition of classical princely verse, Milton do his enlightenment Lost, a work that roused the bet of on the whole men in all ages. We fecal matter even assert that by his creative genius, he has modified and ennobled that tradition. Though its form is classical, its discipline tends to be on the biblical side. The very opening lines exhort its interchange theme Of humannesss disobedience The bone of contention between the critics of all ages is ab stunned whom the wedge heel of this heroic poem is theology, morning star or Adam.Un motionedly we are passd to train that a good number of rushs, in break danceicular in the first base ii books of Paradise Lost, give a rattling(a) stature to demon, the major among the move angels. Gradual diminution of ogres laurels and grandeur is an built-in part of Miltons epic-design. The daimon of hold ups I and II is a beast of much(prenominal) dynamic energy and vibrant splendor that m any o f the epics readers are tempted to consider him as the hero of the poem.That Milton did non so regard him and that, in rejecting the fiend of the preceding part of the epic, Milton was non organism false to his poetic self, is clear from matchs opening monologue in Book IV, at least(prenominal) the first ten lines of which were indite shortlyer Books I and II. In this and sequent soliloquies Milton is equal to presend the piece of ogre more fully and in a partly hammy form, by placing him in a theatre which denies him an outlet for his rhetoric and invites introverted self-examination.Milton, no interrogative sentence, intended ogre at least in the betimes books to be representative of the old gilded ob serve wells which were to be superseded by the better fortitude of patience and princely martyrdom. Unfortunately for Milton, readers of Paradise Lost view not been able to shake off the heroic qualities of morning star in the first cardinal books. Along w ith that, three some archaean(a) factors contri until nowed to the result. In English, the word hero has the gist of a central haoma, and this daystar is definitely in these early on books.Milton was strong and fresh creatively when he display caseized Satan in these early books and he never succeeded in producing a rival hero of identical stature moreover contrasted ideals. Milton lavished all his power, all his skill, and the greater part of his benevolence on the clear figure of Satan. Many critics have concur to the fact that the epic value of the unit of measurement epic is centered in the discoverments and dispositionization of Satan. His unyielding anguish represents the insightful antinomy of the modern consciousness. Satan expresses, as no otherwise cite in the epic does, something in which Milton believed strongly, that is, heroic energy.It is by Satan that Miltons let heroic energy has been so powerfully shown forth. This is expressed through confli ct and endurance. The odds are against him, he has to wage war against the Omnipotent, plainly still he persists and struggles, and wins our profoundest admiration and sympathy. No doubt, his energy is unreasoning, no doubt it is devoted to his wicked peevishness for revenge, and sure enough he is carried away by hate and envy, unless still we cannot serve admiring him for the heroic energy with which he persistently struggles against heavy odds to achieve his aims.Miltons Satan is not a risible or grievous figure like the daystar or Vice of medieval writers or the demons of other epic poets. macrocosm a principal figure of an epic, if a certain(p) amount of grotesquery was drawn in the role of Satan, it would have definitely impaired the self- respectfulness of the poem. Many predecessors of Milton have done the same(p) however in this respect too Milton was daringly sea captain. On the other hand, it cannot be denied that by attempting at proving himself self-begotte n, Satans behavior tends to the comic and contradictory. Moreover, only a scratch would pit himself against omnipotence and thus invite certain disaster. exactly Miltons Satan is neither a fool nor a clown. He definitely has the watcher of sublimity and the grandeur and majesty and dignity of burster. The poet drives home this nobility and greatness of his bearing in wonderfully mentored fine passages which can be hailed as the better(p) among those that have been ever written. The quest passage confirms the point Black it stood as Night, Fierce as ten Furies, stark as loony bin, And shook a dreadful dart, what onlyt againstmed his target The likeness of a kingly crown had on. Satan was now at hand, and from his seat The fiend moving onward came as fastWith horrid strides Hell trembled as he strode. (II 495-501) Courteously and intrepidly Satan addresses himself to the monarch of the nether most(prenominal) abyss. His livery contains no threats he asks for counselling i n his quest and, with politic fore- horizon, promises that quest, if successful, shall fasten an outlying confused res publica to funny house. In the war on the plains of Heaven, Satan ranges up and down the bit line, like Cromwell he fortifies his comrades to endurance, and en braverys them to attack. In Hell he stands like a tower His form had yet not lost All its original brightness, nor appearedLess than Archangel ruined, and the excess Of glory obscured I (591-4) In his contests with Michael in heaven and with Gabriel on earth, he never crepuscles below himself If I must contend, said he, beaver with the best the sender, not the sent Or all at once. IV (851-3) His followers are devotedly attached to him they admire him that for the general safety he despised his own and the only scene of bliss put down in the annals of Hell, before the Fall of Man, is at the dissolution of Stygian Council, when the devils come forth rejoicing in their matchless chief. The entice of free result is where the attractiveness and power of Satans character lies. Satan whitethorn be quite empty when it comes to fighting the ten thousand thunders of Christs fury, merely in his depart he is free and in his mind he is supreme What though the sector be lost? All is not lost the unconquerable will (I. 105). (Zeng, Nicholas http//www. christs. cam. ac. uk/darknessvisible/about_us/nicholas_zeng. html) As if to set purpose to raise Satan high above the heads of other archangels, Milton devises a pair of similar scenes in Heaven and in Hell.In the one Satan takes upon himself the unknown dangers of the initiative that has been approved by the assembly. In the other, which occurs in the very next book, the ethereal powers are addressed from the Throne, and asked Which of ye will be mortal, to redeem Mans mortal crime, and just, the unjust to fork up? III (214-5) None in heaven is ready to take the take chances but Satan takes upon himself the dangerous problem of traveling through Chaos and seducing Man. There is no doubt in the fact that Satans over-mastering vexations are hate, emulation and desire for revenge, but he is not presented as a monster of wickedness or an unredeemed villain.Milton has skillfully humanized his character. Hence, though Satan in the enemy of God and Man alike, he is not entirely needy of gentler characteristics. He is late remorseful at the thought of the ruin in which he has come to his followers and this remorse in reality brings tears to his eyes. In the second book, we see him showing forth a noble sense of the duty of self-immolation incumbent on him owing to his position as king of hell, by sacrificing his own safety for the general cause and as a result, initiate alone the difficult first step which daunted the courage of the mightiest of his followers.This trait of Satans character is well-kept in the later books. We see him doubly melted with compassion eyesight the harmless innocence of Adam and eve whose ruin he is plotting in book IV (389. 462-66). These softer feelings are to be seen as only occasional touches introduced to relieve the grandeur of a character essentially sinful, a character who is, though not totally devoid of gentle traits, on the whole most like a mightily tempest, or an avalanche, or any other force of nature that is a harmonious blending of sweetie of sublimity and immense destructive power.With due sympathy and dramatic power, Satans character has been drawn which further revealed Miltons steep spirit of independency and superiority to the utmost. Satan is certainly a self-portrait, a rebel against totalitarianism and injustice like Milton himself. The sentiment which he expresses courage never to submit or yield better to dominate in hell than to serve in heaven, raises his stature to that of an epic hero.Satan is such a magnificently drawn character and such is the fascination he has exercised on the readers of the great epic of all t imes, enlightenment lost, that ever since Dryden has christened Satan as Miltons hero, critic aft(prenominal) critic has taken him to be the hero of the epic. There is no doubt that he dominates Books I and II of the epic in which he towers head and shoulders above his followers, but afterwards that there is a state-of-the-art humiliation and shrinkage in his character. His procrastinating loss of physical brightness is attach to by a same deterioration of character. The audience, however, does find someplace to seat its sympathy, and that place is in the character of Satan. The audience first sees Satan wake in Hell where he and the other fallen angels despair. Through his despair, however, Satan claims, All is not lost &8212 the unconquerable will,// And study of revenge, immortal hate,// And courage never to submit or yield &8212 . . . That glory never shall his vexation or might// constrict from me (I. 104- 111). (http//www. essortment. com/all/satanparadisel_rsng. h tm) It is by his own will that he becomes a snake in Book IX. In Book X, he is a snake whenever he wants to wear its garb.This degradation that is progressive is drawn home most effectively. His beginning is shown as fighting for familiarity, however it is misconceived. But very soon his stature goes down as he starts fighting for Honour, Dominion, glorie, and renounce. But it is seen that he is defeated in this in no time. Then he resorts to the great plotting that forms the essence of the epic the ruination of two creatures that are in no way harmful to him, but this is not at all keeping in front a serious expectation of triumph, but only to annoy the enemy who is beyond his reach for a betoken encounter.This makes him stoop to the level of a tell on coming into the universe, that too as a low level rat who peeps into the privacy of a man and wife, and it is there that he is described for the first time as frustrate, not the fallen Archangel nor the dread emperor of Hel l. If we take into history not merely Books I and II, but the epic as a whole, Satan cannot be regarded as the hero. As he is carried away by his passion for revenge, envy and hatred, to use deviltry and cunning to achieve his end, Satan is the villain of the piece and not the hero. tight woven with the story of the fall of man is the story of the fall of Satan and his followers. Their fall also bears out that the theme of the epic is the victory of passion over reason and its terrible consequence. Satan falls not because he is a lesser being, but due to his giving priority to passion over reason. He is proud and is carried away by inordinate ambition and lust for power. He claims unattackable equality, foolishly imagines that he is self-created, regards gods rule as tyrannous, rebels against him and is consequently overthrown and hurled into hell.He is the very embodiment of aroused passions which ultimately bring no satisfaction. Debates are still going on about the fact that Satan is such a driving force within the great epic. It ranges from William Blakes comment that Milton wrote in fetters when wrote of Angels and God, and at liberty when of Devils and Hell, is because he was a honest Poet and of the Devils party without well-educated it (Black 2007, p. 996) to the plea that this poem is postcode more than a christian chronicle in which milton is unsuccessful in portraying what he intended to do. (Marshal 1961, p. 19)Paradise LostStrictly following the tradition of classical epic, Milton made his Paradise Lost, a work that roused the interest of all men in all ages. We can even claim that by his creative genius, he has modified and ennobled that tradition. Though its form is classical, its content tends to be on the scriptural side. The very opening lines exhort its central theme Of mans disobedience The bone of contention between the critics of all ages is about whom the hero of this epic is God, Satan or Adam. undoubtedly we are forced to say t hat a good number of passages, especially in the first two books of Paradise Lost, give a heroic stature to Satan, the major among the fallen angels. Gradual diminution of Satans glory and grandeur is an integral part of Miltons epic-design. The Satan of Books I and II is a creature of such dynamic energy and colorful splendor that many of the epics readers are tempted to consider him as the hero of the poem.That Milton did not so regard him and that, in rejecting the Satan of the earlier part of the epic, Milton was not being false to his poetic self, is clear from Satans opening soliloquy in Book IV, at least the first ten lines of which were written before Books I and II. In this and subsequent soliloquies Milton is able to present the character of Satan more fully and in a partly dramatic form, by placing him in a situation which denies him an outlet for his rhetoric and invites introspective self-examination.Milton, no doubt, intended Satan at least in the early books to be r epresentative of the old heroic values which were to be superseded by the better fortitude of patience and heroic martyrdom. Unfortunately for Milton, readers of Paradise Lost have not been able to shake off the heroic qualities of Satan in the first two books. Along with that, three other factors contributed to the result. In English, the word hero has the meaning of a central figure, and this Satan is definitely in these early books.Milton was strong and fresh creatively when he characterized Satan in these early books and he never succeeded in producing a rival hero of similar stature but opposed ideals. Milton lavished all his power, all his skill, and the greater part of his sympathy on the splendid figure of Satan. Many critics have agreed to the fact that the epic value of the whole epic is centered in the achievements and characterization of Satan. His unyielding agony represents the insightful antinomy of the modern consciousness. Satan expresses, as no other character in t he epic does, something in which Milton believed strongly, that is, heroic energy.It is through Satan that Miltons own heroic energy has been so powerfully shown forth. This is expressed through conflict and endurance. The odds are against him, he has to wage war against the Omnipotent, but still he persists and struggles, and wins our profoundest admiration and sympathy. No doubt, his energy is unreasoning, no doubt it is devoted to his wicked passion for revenge, and certainly he is carried away by hate and envy, but still we cannot help admiring him for the heroic energy with which he persistently struggles against heavy odds to achieve his aims.Miltons Satan is not a comic or grotesque figure like the Devil or Vice of medieval writers or the demons of other epic poets. Being a principal figure of an epic, if a certain amount of grotesqueness was drawn in the character of Satan, it would have definitely impaired the dignity of the poem. Many predecessors of Milton have done the s ame but in this respect too Milton was daringly original. On the other hand, it cannot be denied that by attempting at proving himself self-begotten, Satans behavior tends to the comic and contradictory. Moreover, only a fool would pit himself against omnipotence and thus invite certain disaster.But Miltons Satan is neither a fool nor a clown. He definitely has the beauty of sublimity and the grandeur and majesty and dignity of bearing. The poet drives home this nobility and greatness of his bearing in wonderfully mentored fine passages which can be hailed as the best among those that have been ever written. The following passage confirms the point Black it stood as Night, Fierce as ten Furies, terrible as Hell, And shook a dreadful dart, what seemed his head The likeness of a kingly crown had on. Satan was now at hand, and from his seat The monster moving onward came as fastWith horrid strides Hell trembled as he strode. (II 495-501) Courteously and fearlessly Satan addresses himse lf to the monarch of the nethermost abyss. His speech contains no threats he asks for guidance in his quest and, with politic fore-thought, promises that quest, if successful, shall restore an outlying lost province to Chaos. In the war on the plains of Heaven, Satan ranges up and down the fighting line, like Cromwell he fortifies his comrades to endurance, and encourages them to attack. In Hell he stands like a tower His form had yet not lost All its original brightness, nor appearedLess than Archangel ruined, and the excess Of glory obscured I (591-4) In his contests with Michael in heaven and with Gabriel on earth, he never falls below himself If I must contend, said he, Best with the best the sender, not the sent Or all at once. IV (851-3) His followers are devotedly attached to him they admire him that for the general safety he despised his own and the only scene of rejoicing recorded in the annals of Hell, before the Fall of Man, is at the dissolution of Stygian Council, whe n the devils come forth rejoicing in their matchless chief. The allure of free will is where the attractiveness and power of Satans character lies. Satan may be quite useless when it comes to fighting the ten thousand thunders of Christs fury, but in his will he is free and in his mind he is supreme What though the field be lost? All is not lost the unconquerable will (I. 105). (Zeng, Nicholas http//www. christs. cam. ac. uk/darknessvisible/about_us/nicholas_zeng. html) As if to set purpose to raise Satan high above the heads of other archangels, Milton devises a pair of similar scenes in Heaven and in Hell.In the one Satan takes upon himself the unknown dangers of the enterprise that has been approved by the assembly. In the other, which occurs in the very next book, the Heavenly powers are addressed from the Throne, and asked Which of ye will be mortal, to redeem Mans mortal crime, and just, the unjust to save? III (214-5) None in heaven is ready to take the risk but Satan take s upon himself the dangerous task of traveling through Chaos and seducing Man. There is no doubt in the fact that Satans over-mastering passions are hate, ambition and desire for revenge, but he is not presented as a monster of wickedness or an unredeemed villain.Milton has skillfully humanized his character. Hence, though Satan in the enemy of God and Man alike, he is not entirely devoid of gentler characteristics. He is deeply remorseful at the thought of the ruin in which he has involved his followers and this remorse actually brings tears to his eyes. In the second book, we see him showing forth a noble sense of the duty of self-sacrifice incumbent on him owing to his position as king of hell, by sacrificing his own safety for the general cause and as a result, undertaking alone the difficult enterprise which daunted the courage of the mightiest of his followers.This trait of Satans character is maintained in the later books. We see him twice melted with compassion seeing the ha rmless innocence of Adam and Eve whose ruin he is plotting in book IV (389. 462-66). These softer feelings are to be seen as only occasional touches introduced to relieve the grandeur of a character essentially terrible, a character who is, though not totally devoid of gentle traits, on the whole most like a mighty tempest, or an avalanche, or any other force of nature that is a harmonious blending of beauty of sublimity and immense destructive power.With due sympathy and dramatic power, Satans character has been drawn which further revealed Miltons proud spirit of independence and superiority to the utmost. Satan is certainly a self-portrait, a rebel against tyranny and injustice like Milton himself. The sentiment which he expresses courage never to submit or yield better to reign in hell than to serve in heaven, raises his stature to that of an epic hero.Satan is such a magnificently drawn character and such is the fascination he has exercised on the readers of the great epic of all times, paradise lost, that ever since Dryden has christened Satan as Miltons hero, critic after critic has taken him to be the hero of the epic. There is no doubt that he dominates Books I and II of the epic in which he towers head and shoulders above his followers, but after that there is a progressive degradation and shrinkage in his character. His gradual loss of physical brightness is accompanied by a corresponding deterioration of character. The audience, however, does find someplace to invest its sympathy, and that place is in the character of Satan. The audience first sees Satan waking in Hell where he and the other fallen angels despair. Through his despair, however, Satan claims, All is not lost &8212 the unconquerable will,// And study of revenge, immortal hate,// And courage never to submit or yield &8212 . . . That glory never shall his wrath or might// Extort from me (I. 104- 111). (http//www. essortment. com/all/satanparadisel_rsng. htm) It is by his own will that he becomes a serpent in Book IX. In Book X, he is a serpent whenever he wants to wear its garb.This degradation that is progressive is drawn home most effectively. His beginning is shown as fighting for liberty, however it is misconceived. But very soon his stature goes down as he starts fighting for Honour, Dominion, glorie, and renounce. But it is seen that he is defeated in this in no time. Then he resorts to the great plotting that forms the essence of the epic the ruining of two creatures that are in no way harmful to him, but this is not at all keeping in front a serious expectation of triumph, but only to annoy the enemy who is beyond his reach for a direct encounter.This makes him stoop to the level of a spy coming into the universe, that too as a low level spy who peeps into the privacy of a man and wife, and it is there that he is described for the first time as Devil, not the fallen Archangel nor the dreaded emperor of Hell. If we take into account not merely Books I an d II, but the epic as a whole, Satan cannot be regarded as the hero. As he is carried away by his passion for revenge, envy and hatred, to use guile and cunning to achieve his end, Satan is the villain of the piece and not the hero.Closely woven with the story of the fall of man is the story of the fall of Satan and his followers. Their fall also bears out that the theme of the epic is the victory of passion over reason and its terrible consequence. Satan falls not because he is a lesser being, but due to his giving priority to passion over reason. He is proud and is carried away by inordinate ambition and lust for power. He claims absolute equality, foolishly imagines that he is self-created, regards gods rule as tyrannous, rebels against him and is consequently overthrown and hurled into hell.He is the very embodiment of unrestrained passions which ultimately bring no satisfaction. Debates are still going on about the fact that Satan is such a driving force within the great epic. It ranges from William Blakes comment that Milton wrote in fetters when wrote of Angels and God, and at liberty when of Devils and Hell, is because he was a true Poet and of the Devils party without knowing it (Black 2007, p. 996) to the plea that this poem is nothing more than a christian tale in which milton is unsuccessful in portraying what he intended to do. (Marshal 1961, p. 19)

Personalities of The Cold War Essay

Who caused the polar fight? Focus the role of from each one personality in contributing to the cold fightTime frame 1945 to 1952Cold war- period of strong tension and misgiving, leading to competition and confrontations.Stand both Stalin and Truman contributed to the cold war.The bring up personalities that contributed to the cold war argon namely Stalin and Truman,both in office in US and USSR respectively. both were responsible as their personalities and direct of experiences contributed to their policies do, which heightened tensions and thus caused the cold war.Personality traits like Stalins paranoia gave rise to his expansionist policy, which hardline Truman deliberateed as aggression and tried to counter it in the Truman Doctrine and Marshall contrive. Trumans low level of experience in dealing with Stalin also change magnitude tensions and led to the cold war.Stalin was aggressive and protective of the USSR as he was a true hardline communist and believed that Rus sia had to stay strongly communist. However, the USSR was invaded thrice in no to a greater extent than a century and also suffered civil war and intervention from anti-communist forces from 1918 to 1920, when communism as an ideology was at infancy.These anti-communist forces comprised of the West when they helped the Whites during the bolshie Revolution. From this, Stalin believed that the West wanted to destroy communism before communism became stronger. His mistrust grew as he became paranoid and thought of the West as a potential security threat this was because?? This prompted his embarking on salami tactics ( an expansionist policy) so that Communism would remain strong in eastern europium.Gradually the Russians began to systematically interfere in the countries in Eastern Europe to set up pro-communist governments, in countries like Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Albania and Romania. Stalin felt that his actions were justified for the defense of communism, and that salami ta ctics were short necessary. He did not realize that his actions had frightened the West. What he failed to consider was that the watt was not interested in destroying communism but was looking more towards post war cooperation. The west showed this through the decisions made at the post-war conferences when Russia was allowed to reduce reparations from Germany and it was allowed to benefit from the loans from the west, known as the Lend Lease. His paranoia in embarking on the expansionist policy ( comprising Salami tactics) when juxtaposed with Trumans hardline views, only overhauld to heighten suspiciousness and tensions, leading to the Cold war.Similarly, Truman became suspicious of the USSRs intent towards eastern Europe. He was a hardline president who stood firmly against Communism, and was intolerant of the needs of the USSR . Truman apothegm Stalins actions as a breach of the Declaration of Eastern Europe where Stalin had promised to allow countries like Poland free elections but failed to do so, instead carrying out(a) the reverse and forcing communist governments in these countries through rigged electionsTruman, with his hardline view that communism was bad, viewed Stalins moves as being remarkably similar to Hitlers salami tactics, and that the USSR was embarking on aggression. In addition he felt that if he did not stop Stalin, Stalin would think that Eastern Europe was his for the taking, and capitalism would perish. This in while led to the formation of the Truman Doctrine and Marshall plan which would serve to adjoin tensions (elaborated below)Secondly, the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan.The West suppose the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall plan to contain communism in Greece and Turkey. Communists were trying to overthrow the monarchy but British troops who restored the monarchy in the past were feeling the strain of supporting it against the communists. The British prime minister appealed to the the States and Truman announ ced that it would support free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by outside extort and Greece received massive amounts of aid and the communists were defeated. The funds of the Truman tenet were obtained through coition where Truman portrayed the situation in Greece and Turkey as part of the world-wide communist threat. Trumans low level of experience prevented him from realizing that Stalin would see the Truman doctrine as an attempt to subvert them. In other words, he did not deal with stalin before, and did not see that his portrayal was excessively confrontational and would serve to heighten Stalins paranoia and escalate his mistrust towards the West.Similarly, the Marshall plan was formulated to facilitate economical recovery in Eastern Europe. By September, 16 nations had drawn up a joint plan for using American aid and in total over 13000 million dollars of Marshall attention was given to western European countries. However, the west did not consider the collision that the Marshall plan would have on how the USSR viewed them. Trumans low level of experience with dealing with the Stalin prevented him from seeing that the Stalin was sensitive about USSRs economic status (Stalin refused to ratify the the Bretton Woods agreement so that the West would not realize how economically weak the USSR was in 1945. The Bretton woods agreement was a system to acquire international currency stabilization which required overseas access to sensitive economic data. Stalin viewed the policy as dollar imperialism and as a blatant American device for gaining control of western Europe, and made all Russian states reject the offer.The Truman doctrine and the Marshall plan would at long last prompt Stalin( along with his paranoia) to come up with the Cominform and the Comecon which served to unify all Eastern European satellite states. Trumans low level of experience in coming up with the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall plan, when juxt aposed with Stalins paranoia, provide further consolidation of power by Stalin, which escalated tensions on both the USA and the USSR and caused the Cold war.BiblographyRichard Crockett, the fifty years war The United States and the Soviet due north in World Politics, 1945-1991Gaddis, John Lewis. We now know Rethinking Cold war History. US Oxford University Press.

Methods of Study in Economics Essay

This mode is withal called as abstract, analytical and priority method. Under this method, laws atomic number 18 deduced in a logical manner. On the basis of certain(prenominal) fundamental assumptions or evaluate axioms (principles) or truths which have been established and handed down from generation to generation, the needed conclusions are found out. This method is called as abstract since it is based on abstract reasoning and not actual facts. However, actual situation may differ from what deductive logic suggests.For example, it is assumed that the man is rational and on the basis of this it is deduced that he will buy cheap and sell right ones. However, in actual situation this may not happen because of the absence of proper knowledge and market conditions. The principle steps in the accomplish of deriving frugal generalizations through deductive logic are1.perception of the hassle2.defining the technical terms and making the appropriate assumptions 3.deducing hyp othesis and4.testing of hypothesis deduced. by dint of the use of deductive method, many theories and generalizations have been established in economics. It is called as inverse descent between the price and quantity demanded, the direct family relationship between the price and quantity supplied etc. However, this method also suffers from certain handicaps such as (i) assumptions generally turn out to be false or partially true (ii) valid conclusions cannot be drawn in the absence of proper knowledge of the whole situation and (iii) it is dangerous to demand universal validity for the economic generalizations so deduced.Inductive method accord to this method, conclusions are drawn on the basis of collection and analysis of the facts which are relevant to the inquiry. The logic in this case proceeds from the particular to the general. The generalizations are based on observation of individual examples.The principle steps in this method arePerception of the problemCollection, clas sification and analysis of information by using appropriate statistical techniques Finding out the reasons for the relationship established through statistical analysis and to set rules for the verification of the principles. umteen researches in macroeconomics have been obtained through inductive method such as principle of acceleration describing the factors which determine investment in an economy, the nature of enjoyment function describing the relationship between income and consumption etc.Inductive method is increasingly being used on account of the under mentioned facts statistical induction leading to precise, exact and measurable conclusions It underlines the importance of relativity of economic laws and It shows that generalizations are valid only under certain conditions. However, this method suffers from danger of hurried conclusions having being drawn from an insufficient number of facts Difficulties involved in the collection of factsThe fact that observation and ex perimentation have very special application in a science that deals with human activities.Referencehttp//classof1.com/homework-help/economics-homework-help