Insulin Production From Genetically Modified Bacteria Biology Essay

Insulin Production From Genetically Modified bacterium Biology EssayIn the 1970s people suffering from diabetes mellitus apply insulin from cattle dogshits, but this was costly time consuming. Moreover insulin from other animals was not exactly as same as those in clements, create m any side-effects. Also many people were against the theatrical role of animal insulin for estimable or religious reasons. This job had to be solved in 1970s biotechnological companies began working of ancestralally modifying a bacterium to start insulin by insertion of a human gene. many different methods were tried tested, thus finally in the untimely 1980s they suceeded, this was agreat achievement in the science world. the procedure was as follows -Isolation of insulin geneinsulin is a low-down protein . the first challenge was to isloate the insulin gene from the rest of the DNA in the human cellphone. But there was a problem doing so directly, instead the mRNA carrying the code for s ynthesizing insulin was extracted from the cells in the pancreas that produces insulin, called B-cells.then the mRNA was left in incubation with reverse transcriptase, reverse transcriptase is a special retrovirus, it does the opposite of transcription i.e codes for DNA from RNA, this pertly coded DNA is called complimentary DNA or simply cDNA. at first single stranded molecules were formed, which then turned in double helix. these DNA molecules carried the code for human insulin. these DNA molecules then needed to be stuck to other DNA strands, so they were given sticky ends by adding lenghts of single stranded DNA do up of guanine theme to each end using enzyymes.insertion of gene into a senderfor the human insulin gene to be inserted into a bacterium, there has to be an intermediate carrier of the gene called a vector this was a plasmid DNA. plasmids be small circular pieces of DNA found in many bacteria. plasmids john freely move into bacterium cells and if we are able to insert the human DNA inside the plasmid then insert plasmid into a bacterium. To obatin the plasmids from the bacteria containing them, these bacteria frist had to be mixed with enzymes to dissolve their cell walls. then centrifuged so that large organelles e.g chromo or sos small ones like plasmids would be seperated. restriction enzymes were applyd to slice equal to(p) the the circular DNA making up the plasmid. sticky ends were added again but this time the nucleotide used to make them conatined cytosine guanine bases on their ends paired up. DNA ligase was then used to link the nucleotide backbone together so that the human insulin gene became part of tthe plasmid. this was the manufacture of recombinant DNA.Advantages of treating diabetes by human insulin there are a number of advantages of using the human insulin produced by transmittedally engineered bacteriait is chemically indistinguishable to the insulin that would have been produced had they not been diabetic, s o there is lower-ranking chance of an immune reactionbe attain it is an exact suss out in the human insulin receptors in human cell surface membranes, it brings most a much more than rapid response than pig or cow insulin,like natural human insulin, the duration of the response is much shorter than pig or cattle insulin,it overcomes problems related to the development of a tolerance to insulin from pigs or cattle,it avoids any ethical issues that top executive arise from the use pig or cattle insulin, for example, religious objections to the use of pig insulin or objections from vegetarians to the use of animal products.Benefits of gene applied scienceThrough gene engineering, it is now possible to produce transmissibleally modified organisms for a specific purpose. Previously, much(prenominal) genetic change would have to be brought active by selective breeding which requires organisms to be of the same species (able to breed successfully together), takes many generations and involves transfer of all in all genomes, complete with undesirable background genes. Gene technology is much faster and involves transferring one or a couple of(prenominal) genes, which whitethorn come from completely unrelated organisms, even from different kingdoms. specific products, such as human insulin and human growth hormone, thereby reducing the dependence on products from other, less reliable sources, such as pig or cow insulin. reduce use of agrochemicals such as herbicides and pesticides since crops mountain be do resistant to particular herbicides, or can be made to contain toxins that erase insects clean up specific pollutants and waste materials bioremediation potential for use of gene technology to treat genetic diseases such as cystic fibrosis (see below) and SCID (Severe Combined Immune Deficiency) as well as in cancer treatment.Hazards of genetic engineeringGenes inserted into bacteria could be transferred into other bacterial species, potentially incl uding antibiotic resistance genes and those for other materials, which could subject in antibiotic resistance in pathogens, or in bacteria that can produce cyanogenic materials or break down useful materials. Regulation is designed to minimise the risks of escape of such genes. in that location is little evidence that such genes have escaped into wild bacterial populations.Crop plants have, by their nature, to be released into the environment to grow, and many millions of hectares of genetically engineered crops, both experimental and commercial, are planted across the globe. So far, fears that they might turn out to be super-weeds, resistant to herbicides and spreading uncontrollably, or that their genes might transfer into other tight related wild species, forming a different kind of super-weed, or that they might reduce biodiversity by genetic contamination of wild relatives seem to have proved unfounded. A paper was published in disposition in 2001 showing that Mexican wild maize populations were contaminated with genes from genetically manipulated maize, but the methods used were damage and subsequent studies have not confirmed this contamination, suggesting that the wild maize is not genetically contaminated. There is some evidence that Bt toxin, geneticially engineered into plants such as cotton and maize, whilst very effective in killing the target species, may kill other, desirable, insects such as bees and butterflies, and may also cause natural selection of Bt toxin resistant insects. future(a) events may show that such environmental risks are greater than they look at present. Food that is derived from genetically engineered organisms may prove to be unexpectedly toxic or to trigger allergic reactions when consumed. There is little reliable evidence that this has been so, but the risk remains. Food containing the expressed products of antibiotic resistance marker genes could be consumed at the same time as treatment with the antibiotic was o ccurring, which would potentially reduce the effectiveness of the treatment. No examples of this are known.social ethical implocations of genetic engineeringethics are set of rules set by people distinguishing between whats acceptable and whats not, between whats right and whats revile. these ethics or rules change from a mortal to person depedning upon knowledge, experience, social influnce, religious influence etc.The social impact of gene technology is to do with its potential and actual impact of human society and individuals. In terms of social impact, gene technology could enhance crop yields and permit crops to grow outside their usual location or season so that people have more food enhance the nutritional content of crops so that people are better fed permit better targeted clean-up of wastes and pollutants lead to production of more effective and cheaper medicines and treatments through genetic manipulation of microorganisms and agricultural organisms to make medicines and genetic manipulation of human cells and individuals (gene therapy) produce super-weeds or otherwise interpose with ecosystems in unexpected ways, reducing crop yields so that people have less food emergence costs of seed and prevent seed from being retained for sowing next year (by inclusion of genes to kill any seed produced this way) reducing food production reduce crop biodiversity by out-competing natural crops so that people are less well fed damage useful materials such as fossil oil or plastic in unexpected ways cause antibiotics to become less useful and cause allergic reactions or disease in other unexpected waysThe ethical impact is about the application of moral frameworks concerning the principles of conduct governing individuals and groups, including what might be thought to be right or wrong, good or bad. So in the context of gene technology, it is to do with issues of whether is right or wrong to conduct research and develop technologies, whether it is good or bad. Judgements may be that It is good to conduct such research to develop technologies that might improve nutrition, the environment or health It is good to use the results of such research to produce food, to enhance the environment or improve health It is wrong to continue such research when the potential impact of the technology is unknown and many aspects of it remain to be understood. It is wrong to use the results of such research even when the organisms are kept in carefully regulated environments such as sterile fermenters as the risks of the organisms or the genes they contain escaping are too great and unknown It is wrong to use the results of such research when this involves release of gene technology into the environment as once it is released it cannot be taken back the genes are self-perpetuating, and the risks that they might cause in future are unknownThe social and ethical implications of gene technology are complex and relatively unfamiliar to people who are not scientists, including those involve in the media and in government. This complexity and unfamiliarity is the cause of considerable concern and debate. In considering the implications of gene technology the best approach is to avoid the general (e.g. avoid it is bad to play God) and stick to the specific and equilibrize (e.g. it is possible to increase food crop yields with gene technology so more people can be fed, but there is enough food already if it is properly distributed, so people should not be forced to eat products with unknown risks).

Intervention Developed from Theory of Planned Behaviour

Intervention Developed from possibility of Planned BehaviourDevelop InterventionThe Chosen ConstructThe construct feedback was decided as the approximately viable choice for the encumbrance. The intention was to increase low carbon behavioural performance by nudging individuals to consummation on a series of existing prompts in order to increase the speed of the stop/ vary procedure. It was decided that the of import hub was the ideal location for the pilot report.Owing to budgetary limitations, this interposition proved to be the merely viable option and was achievable as it would build on an existing out business sector and alter an extremely complex task. tho it was made mandatory that each good luck be given the chance to take part. Whilst it would acquit been preferred to establish a control sort, the aggroup leaders stated it could turn unrest between shifts that need to be in complete symbiosis with one an different. Any unhealthful rig in one shift can affec t all shifts and out-of-pocket to the extreme economies of shell with regards to might usage at the plant, any slight change could have a costly controvert effect.RationaleAn aught saving intervention derived and created from identified behavioural constructs will result in reject utility program costs. Based on the evidence indoors the literature review and the interpretation of the results from the thematic epitome and semantic questionnaires, the introduction of a feedback dashboard will importantly lower vitality use at the plant.ParticipantsThe 55 participants all worked within or were connected to the open plan area of the central hub. They consisted of shift managers, group leaders, team leaders, logistics, schedulers and other principal investigators. ternary shifts operated from this section over a 24hour period.MaterialsThe dashboard was provided and designed by the target company. Prior to the intervention the dashboard was available by logging into a PC and this remains was seldom, if ever utilize by the employees. In addition the researcher discovered a switched morose 40 LCD TV placed in an obscure location at a real(a) de lodgery point, when the researcher switched this on, it displayed a version of the dashboard below. The intervention materials required to display this dashboard live within the central hub involved the use of a 50 plasma TV screen, a assertation processing system (Revo PC) and Ethernet connection. The dashboard was mounted in a central location which provided easy visual access to every operative who worked within the open plan offices of the central hub.Figure 14 The Feedback DashboardDesign carrying into actionThe above dashboard works in the following manner. The 10 process lines are all monitored via many vitality clips placed at key locations along the process line. That data is fed into a central processing unit and then displayed as a dashboard in visual form. The green data track lady indicate s a line is running and everything is good. If a line stops for whatever reason, the person turns and holds up a hand indicating a stop. If the person is indicating a stop and is red then the line has halt and components are drawing role. The viewer then picks up the schedule of works stop start system of prompts and follows the prompts to power down components. If the person is indicating a stop on the dashboard and is green, then this bureau comely items have been turned off and the line is at an acceptable level of usage.The feedback dashboard was installed and operated live non-stop for 8 weeks. The effects of the monitor were analysed not by retesting the constructs and disrupting the workforce, but through examining the weekly utility consumption and study that to past utility data. If the performance dashboard has an effect then savings in zero should be made. In addition for this period no reinvigorated technology was added that could affect the get-up-and-go use of the plant. impart Intervention ResultsUtility ResultsThe regression graph titled Energy Conversion Costs (/Tpiw) over withstand 4 years was generated by the targeted workplace energy team in order to assess if the intervention has been successful. The graph demonstrates that savings occurred. The energy management team reported that dickens weekly touchstone reads were the concluding ever progress tod for throughput at the plant. In addition in was the first quantify that savings were achieved consecutively i.e. two months back to back.This graph contains the energy data from 2010 to 2014 used to create the product at this plant. The FC 10/11 dots indicate how some(prenominal) energy was used in the year 2010 to create the product. The X axis shows how much product was made in tonnes per 1000. The Y axis shows how much energy, expressed in British Pounds, was essential per tonne to produce the product. The FC10/11 line, is a adequate line. The 11/12 12/13 fit lines were left off to alter the interpretation of the graph. all the same their location is slightly under the FC10/11 for the 11/12 fit line and slightly above the FC13/14 for the 12/13 fit line.The two fit lines of interest are the FC13/14 and the FC14/15. The FC13/14 is the energy used in the year 2013 2014 up until the point of the implementation of the intervention. This fit line is referred to by the company as the tracking utility standard. The FC14/15 fit line is generated from the 8 weekly meter reads during the intervention. The large black squares are the weekly meter reads that create this fit line.The FC14/15 intervention fit line indicates that energy usage for this period is monumentally under the FC13/14 target utility standard and that savings have been achieved.In addition the frame of reference of the line is different. As throughput increases there is more opportunity to activate the stop/start procedure and whence more opportunity to engage in energy saving behavio ur. If the outlier at 6.2KT was closer to the FC13/14 line then the new FC14/15 fit line would initially sit on top or close to the FC13/14 standard. This is an important factor, because the normal fit line pattern over the years due to technology improvements has produced the kindred curve fit, the change in curve shape indicates that behaviour as remote to technology is probably driving the utility savings.In order to provide some clarity of the effect of the intervention, a CUSUM chart was created. A CUSUM is a sequential epitome technique fixed by E. S. knave with the purpose of monitoring change by calculation of a cumulative sum. The 8 weekly meter readings were used to create the CUSUM by adding how much in British Pounds was actually saved or addled over the intervention period. The X axis is the meter reads. The Y axis is the win or expiry expressed in British pounds in comparison to the FC13/14 fit line.Figure 14 CUSUM graphThe CUSUM graph above indicates that appr oximately for the 8 week period that a saving of 84,000 was achieved when compared to the FC13/14 energy target tracker. If these savings are carry on for a 12 month period then a saving of 546,000 will occur (6.5 X 84,000). The utility data and the CUSUM indicate that the intervention has been successful. This was also corroborate by the energy team who stated there had been no changes in product or significant technology upgrades. One energy manager confirmed that within this intervention period that two of the utmost meter readings for production had been achieved and for the first time in its history the plant recorded two consecutively monthly savings. til now one possible confounding variable quantity is outside temperature i.e. breaker point years. The energy team explained this will have an effect but the affect is not large enough to negate the findings. Three months after the intervention, the energy team are still reporting improved savings indicating degree days a re not having a negative impact.Methodo rational EvaluationValidityValidity refers to the level of wise(p) that what a researcher believes is being measured is actually being measured. The different types of validity fall into two categories internal and out-of-door.The measuring tools for this study did not rely on one method to identified constructs and get hold how active the constructs were within a targeted environment. Regarding internal validity, the method used a range of interviews, questionnaires and open-ended questions to invite this knowledge. A similar pattern or analysis was derived from the thematic analysis, percentile data and multiple regressions indicating a level of face validity. The utility data provided some external validity as the change in PBC via an intervention was measured in real time in a real working plant. As this was expected, then predictive validity increases, as operatives need the tools to achieve the set goal. Overall this allows for some abstract entity to other populations involved in the same manufacturing procedure but it does not necessarily translate into generalisations to other industries. However the TPB has been shown to be effective in many working environments. at that place were no technology changes during the intervention that could affect the energy usage of the plant. Likewise there were no product changes as the company collapses the same thing repeatedly. Therefore it is probable that the cause precedes the effect in this situation. The introduction of the smart dashboard decreased the time operatives took to activate the stop start system of boot out down prompts resulting in saving energy. However without retesting the model after the intervention or having data to show the increase reaction time it is only possible to claim a covariation effect as oppose to temporal precedence.ReliabilityReliability refers to how tenacious is the observed measure. In order to thoroughly test reliability the n the study needs to be replicated at another plant. The results of these findings were presented to the companys board, energy team, EU energy team and various plants in person and live via WebEx (Web Video Conference). The outcome of this presentation was the offer by the board to repeat the study at other plants. In essence, this can be interpreted as a measure of external reliability because the most knowledgeable individuals within this company made comparisons with this intervention and other interventions. By procurator this created a level of inter-rater reliability (Appendix E for presentation and notes).Rebound EffectCommunications with the plant have been maintained and savings are still being reported at the plant and have been sustained and improved on for the 12 weeks after the intervention research deadline. There is no indication of the utility usage returning to baseline at this present time (08/01/2015).Field work issuesWhilst all lather has been used to increas e validity and reliability to acceptable levels, the fact of the matter is that this is not a science lab based experiment. As a result there are trade-offs to be made requiring a degree of psychological bricolage to achieve the desired outcome. There are a mass of problems to overcome. For sample the N, the number of participants was low. However despite the company having numerous employees, not all employees have influence over the energy usage. In this particular environment 55 operatives control the 23,000,000 energy bill. Therefore they are the prime candidates for saving energy and including others would be of little value. This in turn presents challenges when using questionnaires as a Cronbach Alpha / Factor analysis would not produce the desired results due to the low N. This was catered for with the use of judges as reported earlier. also the low N is not ideal for conducting multiple regression, this is why the thematic analysis was also created so comparisons could b e made between the quantitative and qualitative data. If they produced similar results then this could cater for the low N. For example if the regression showed social norms to be low, then this should also be present in the thematic analysis, which it was.There are positives to these trade-offs as high internal validity i.e. random selection, random assignment, control group etc. can limit the generalisability / external validity of the findings. These validity factors will not exist when the study is used in the real world. This is of critical importance as research on saving carbon / energy in the workplace needs to have some form of scalability, practical value and achieve real- carriage results for the acquire of all.There are a range of issues and theoretical questions that need to be raised and considered between psychology conducted in strict academic settings and psychology conducted in working environments, which only cannot be covered within this thesis.DiscussionThe study examined if an intervention derived from Theory of Planned Behaviour combined with psychology knowledge could stifle energy consumption in a metallurgy plant. The results indicate that TPB plus added constructs can be an effective system for developing energy saving interventions. The results clearly showed that employees saved more energy during the intervention period than at any time in the 4yrs anterior to the intervention. If sustained, the intervention resulted in energy savings circa 500,000 pa. The intervention worked by increasing the groups perceived behavioural control via feedback. This enabled group members to use the monitor to inform them when action was needed. The schedule of works / system of prompts enabled them to act out the required behaviours. In essence, any group member could view the live dashboard and observe a line is down and drawing power due to the red lady indicating a stop. Then they have the choice to inform other members roughly the stop o r take action themselves. In order to take action they pick up the schedule of works mounted on the office wall and follow the instructions to contact engineers to shut certain items off. The schedule is an already established and familiar system to the group members, so no new learning was required to activate the behaviour. The dashboard provided the missing trigger which in turn increased PBC and influenced behaviour.LimitationsIn this particular study the increase in PBC can only be inferred as it was measured via savings in energy as opposed to measuring the constructs after the intervention. However Siero (1996) argues that within metallurgy plants employees who control energy work in predominantly small groups, and therefore talk more to each other with regards to energy. besides comparisons and competition may have occurred between employees who were responsible for certain productions lines. This could result in begin peer pressure i.e. an operative who is not responsible for a line that is down could notify another operative that his line is down. This could lead to a conclusion that perhaps subjective norms increased, resulting in savings. However this would be a mistake, if they did exist they would be a contributory factor as opposed to a confounding variable but in order to act on them an operative would need to have the belief and means to do so i.e. PBC actual control. The research also indicates that behaviour can change without changes in attitude. However the operatives attitude towards energy were measured as part of the model and shown to be exceptionally positive. peradventure attitude did play a role by increasing operatives buy-in for the intervention?Whilst the TPB was used as a developmental tool to create the intervention, the same process could be developed by simply understanding the taxonomy of constructs identified by existing academic work in psychology. Behaviour itself can be broken down in this fashion as shown by many of the available meta-analysis of which constructs affect energy saving behaviour in given environments. A research could take measurements of these constructs and make a decisions on what construct to positively or negatively influence for the targeted environment. This notion brings into question the idea of a model. Perhaps models have more use for those who are not familiar with the taxonomy of constructs, and can be used to simplify the behaviour change process and achieve results over a short timeframe due to limited time to study behaviour at this level of reductionism.ConclusionsTPB with the use of added constructs was used as a framework to develop an intervention, as opposed to using TPB as predictive tool to reduce energy consumption. This methodology appeared logical for field work and was well received by the target company. However this methodology required equilibrize act between the scientific method and practical application. Thus creating a form of psychological br icolage to achieve a working model to produce field based results. It can be concluded that this methodology based on TPB plus added constructs identified in the literature review significantly reduced energy consumption through behavioural means at this workplace. It is critical to measure utility data prior to and after behaviour change programs as the results are then truly judged in real life settings. The goal is to save energy and save carbon not theoretically but actually, by specifying the elements that make up behaviour in quantifiable terms will one should be able to effectively change behaviour via intervention.

Nocardia Isolation by Paraffin Baiting Technique

Nocardia Isolation by Paraffin Baiting proficiencyNocardia isolation from clinical samples with alkane baiting proficiencyAbstract accentuate The genus Nocardia is cause infection in lung, skin, brain, cerebrospinal, eyes, joints and kidneys. This bacterium is slow-growing and it is difficult to isolate of poly microbial specimens. some(prenominal) methods have been reported for Nocardia isolation from clinical samples. In current believe, we utilize of three methods much(prenominal) as alkane baiting proficiency, paraffin nutrient agar-agar, and naturalized media for Nocardia isolation of various clinical specimens from Iranian patients.Methods In this study, we collected phoebe bird hundred and cardinal from various clinical specimens including lethargy of patients with suspected renderrculosis, bronchoalveolar lavage, languor of patients withcystic fibrosis, trachea, cutaneous and subcutaneous abscess, cerebrospinal fluid, dental consonant abscess, mycetoma, wound, bone marrow biopsy, and gastric lavage. Smears of all clinical specimens were investigated with gee stain, part venomous fast and kinyoun stain. any collected specimens were culture on to carbon free broth tube (paraffin baiting proficiency), paraffin agar, sabouraud dextrose agar, sabouraud dextrose agar with cycloheximide and incubated at 35C.Results In direct microscopy, partially acid fast and Gram patch were seen positive for five and three clinical specimens respectively and the kinyoun stain were banish for all isolates. Seven isolates of clinical specimens were quarantined with paraffin baiting technique. In our study, paraffin baiting technique is more effective than conventional media and paraffin agar for Nocardia isolation.Conclusions In the present study, shown that use of paraffin baiting technique is more effective of other methods for Nocardia isolation of various clinical specimens. advert words Nocardia, Paraffin baiting technique, Paraffin agar, Sabou raud dextrose agar substructureNocardia spp. argon group aerobic actinomycetes, gram positive poles, partially acid fast, non-motile, filamentous branches, catalase positive and methenamine silver-positive 1-3. The genus Nocardia is opportunistic pathogens 2 that are found almost the natural environments. This bacterium is not part of normal microbialflora in homo body and animals 1, 4, 5 as well as, there is no report of mortal to person transmission 5. This micro electronic organism first introduced by Edmond in 1888 1, 6. Nocardia species are cause serious infections in different parts of the body oddly lung and skin 6. Nocardial infections acquired via inhalation of aerosolsor skin damage 7. In recent years, nocardiosis change magnitude in immune disorder diseases such as Pemphigus disorder, Behets disease, malignancy, organ transplantation 8-10. Todate, isolation and identification of Nocardia is improved from clinical specimens 11, 12. Clinical diagnosis in nocardiosis is controversial and clinical signs are not specific for this bacterium. received tool in Nocardia infections identification are including isolation and pure culture, Gram stain and partially acid-fast 12, 13. Nocardia species are slow growing bacteria and isolation this bacterium of polymicrobial specimens is difficult in clinical microbiology laboratory 14. Decontamination of pulmonic specimens such as lethargy is toxic for the genus Nocardia. Paraffin baiting technique was reported for Nocardia and mycobacteria isolation of soil 15. Paraffin baiting technique was reported that is successfully for Nocardia isolation of various clinical specimens especially poly microbial specimens such as sputum 3,14, 16. The aim of this study is unique for devil reasons The first aim of this study were comparison of paraffin baiting technique with other methods such as conventional media including sabouraud dextrose agar, sabouraud dextrose agar with cycloheximide and paraffin agar to isolat e Nocardia from various clinical specimens such as bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), sputum of patients with suspected tuberculosis, sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis, cutaneous abscess, cerebrospinal fluid(CSF), dental abscess, mycetoma, trachea, wound, bone marrow biopsy and gastric lavage. The second aim was to estimate the prevalence of Nocardia infection in Iranian patients. There are few numbers of case reports of Nocardia infection and there is no comprehensive database of nocardiosis, therefore, it is essential to let on assess the prevalence of this bacteria.MethodsSample collectionFive hundred and seventeen various clinical specimens such as sputum of patients with suspected tuberculosis, sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis, BAL, cutaneous and subcutaneous abscess, CSF, dental abscess, mycetoma, wound, bone marrow biopsy, gastric lavage and trachea were collected between February 28, 2011 through March 8, 2013 (Table 1).Direct microscopy all clinical specimens wer e examined with direct microscopy. The first, clinical specimens were homogenized and were centrifuged in 10000 rev for 10 minutes and the supernatant was discarded. The smears were prepared from the sediments and were stained with Gram stain, partially acid fast and Kinyoun stain.Culture on different mediaSediment of specimens were inoculated on sabouraud dextrose agar (Merck- Germany), sabouraud dextrose agar with cycloheximide(cycloheximide-Sigma-Aldrich-USA), paraffin agar (KH2PO4, K2HPO4, NH4Cl, NH4NO3, MgSO4 .7H20, ZnSO4, FeSO4, MnSO4, Bacto- nutrient agar and Distilled water supply) and McClungs carbon-free broth tube (MgSO4 7H2O 0.5 g, ZnSO4 2 mg, FeCl3 10 mg, MnCl2. 4H2O 8 mg, K2HPO4 0.8 g, NaNO3 2 g, Distilled water 1lit, pH 7.2) with paraffin coated glass rod placed. Tubes were incubated at 35C for one month with daily overtopled 14, 17.ResultsExamination of stained smears in direct microscopic, were detected three specimens with Gram staining and five specimens with pa rtially acid fast staining and all smears were negative for Kinyoun stain. In McClungs carbon-free broth, colonies correspondent cream to white-colored appearing on the paraffin-coated glass rod ( figure 1). Colonies similar to the genus Nocardia were cultured on nutrient agar and were purified (Figure 2). Colonies were stained with Gram positive and partially acid fast and were negative for Kinyoun stain. All clinical isolates were grown in lysozyme broth speciality. Seven specimens were positive for the genus Nocardia (1.3%) with paraffin baiting technique as compared with sabouraud dextrose agar and sabouraud dextrose agar with cycloheximide and paraffin agar (Table 1). In comparative to various media, paraffin baiting technique was damp in the isolation Nocardia, so this technique is effective and specific for Nocardia isolation of various clinical specimens especially poly microbial samples (Table 1). Prevalence of nocardiosis in sputum (238 specimens), BAL (143 specimens) a nd cutaneous abscess (45 specimens) were 1.6%, 1.3%, 2.2%, respectively. In our study, we isolated one Nocardia spp. from cutaneous abscess of patient with Pemphigus disorder. banterIn scientific resource, recommended the use of paraffin baiting technique for isolation Nocardia from polymicrobial flora such as sputum 18. Nocardia spp. utilized of paraffin climb as the sole carbon source 15, 19. It has been reported different medium containing antibiotic for isolation this organism such as chloramphenicol with sabouraud dextrose agar. Some species of the genus Nocardia are susceptible to chloramphenicol 16. A wide tramp of nocardiosis occurs in Immunocompromised and immunosuppressive patients 8-10. Mycobacterium tuberculosis mimicking pulmonary nocardiosis so isolation and identification Nocardia is genuinely important because treatment in cardinal organisms is difficult. In a study by Mishra and colleagues in 1969, they investigated 555 clinical specimens such as sputum, BAL an d Gastric lavage and were positive respectively 10, 1 and 1 almost Nocardia spp. 19. Singh et al surveyed 1510 sputum specimens and results showed paraffin baiting method has higher skill of sabouraud dextrose agar 17. Another study by Venugopal et al were examined 350 sputum, BAL, pleural fluid, pus , biopsy specimens and isolated 15 strains of Nocardia 20. A study in 2001 from Iran, Eshraghi et al surveyed 142 sputum specimens and was positive 1 isolate (0.7%) but in our study was positive 4 isolates (1.3%) of 291 sputum of patients with suspected tuberculosis. The results show that Nocardia infection is increase in Iranian patients. The reports showed paraffin baiting technique is more selective and effective than usual medium and paraffin agar.ConclusionsWe recommended that the be used of paraffin baiting technique for Nocardia isolation in clinical laboratories. due to develop and autoimmune or immune disorders in Iranian patients, isolation Nocardia spp is very necessary fo r treatment.AcknowledgmentsThis study was supported by Tehran University of Medical Sciences, police lieutenant of Research.References1.Eshraghi SS Molecular typing of Nocardia species. J Med Bacteriol 2012 1(1) 38-45.2.Budzik JM, Hosseini M, Mackinnon AC Jr, et al. Disseminated Nocardia farcinica literature review and foreboding(a) outcome in an immunocompetent patient. Surg. Infect 2012 13(3) 163-170.3.Hollick GE. Nocardiosis. clinical microbiology newsletter 1988 10(14) 105-109.4.Eshraghi S, Amin M. Nocardia asteroides complex in patient with symptomatic pulmonary nocardiosis in a patient with bronchiectasis. Iran J Public Health 2001(3-4) 30 99-102.5.Stevens DA, Pier AC, Beaman BL, et al. Laboratory evaluation of an extravasation of nocardiosis in immunocompromised hosts. Am J Med 1981 71(6) 928-934.6.Brown-Elliott BA, Brown JM, Conville PS, et al. Clinical and laboratory features of the Nocardia spp. based on current molecular taxonomy. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006 19(2) 259-282. 7.Patel MP, Kute VB, Gumber MR, , et al. Successful treatment of Nocardia pneumonia with cytomegalovirus retinitis coinfection in a renal transplant recipient. Int Urol Nephrol 2012 45 581-5.8.Poonwan N, Kusum M, Mikami Y, , et al. pathogenic Nocardia isolated from clinical specimens including those of AIDS patients in Thailand. Eur J Epidemiol 1995 11(5) 507-512.9.Srifuengfung S, Poonwan N, Tribuddharat C, et al. Prevalence of Nocardia species isolated from patients with respiratory tract infections at siriraj hospital, Thailand. J Infect Dis Antimicrob Agents 2007 24 1-6.10.Sahathevan M, Harvey FA, Forbes G, et al. Epidemiology, bacteriology and control of an outbreak of Nocardia asteroides infection on a liver unit. J Hosp 1991 18 473-480.11.Das D. Actinomycosis in fine needle aspiration cytology. Cytopathology 19945(4) 243-250.12.Wada R., Itabashi C, Nakayama Y, et al. Chronic granulomatous pleuritis caused by Nocardia PCR based diagnosis by nocardial 16S rDNA in pathological s pecimens. J Clin Pathol 2003 56(12) 966-969.13.Gupta N, Srinivasan R, Kumar R, et al. cardinal cases of nocardiosis diagnosed by fineneedle aspiration cytology Role of special stains. Diagn Cytopathol 2011 39(5) 363-364.14.Shawar RM, Moore DG, LaRocco MT. close of Nocardia spp. on chemically defined media for selective recovery of isolates from clinical specimens. J Clin Microbio l 1990 28(3) 508-512.15.Narang P, Dey S, Mendiratta D. Paraffin slide culture technique for Baiting Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria. Indian. J. Tuberc 2000 47(4) 219-222.16.Garrett M, Holmes H, Nolte F. discriminating buffered charcoal-yeast extract medium for isolation of Nocardiae from mixed cultures. J Clin Microbiol 1992 30(7) 1891-1892.17.Singh M, Sandhu RS, Randhawa HS. Comparison of paraffin baiting and conventional culture techniques for isolation of Nocardia asteroides from sputum. J Clin Microbiol 1987 25(1) 176-177.18.Yu C T, Chua JA. Nocardiosis. PJMID 2001 30 56-61.19.Mishra S, Randhawa H. Appl ication of paraffin bait technique to the isolation of Nocardia asteroides from clinical specimens. Appl Microbiol 1969 18(4) 686-687.20.Venugopal PV, Taralakshmi VV, Subramanian S, , et al. Nocardia species from bronchopulmonary infections and mycetomas. Sabouraudia 1980 18(1) 11-18.Figure 1. Isolation and growth Nocardia on paraffin coated glass rodFigure 2. Nocardia grown on nutrient agar medium1

Crisis And Risk Management In Organizations Management Essay

Crisis And hear trouble In Organizations Management EssayChapter 3 is a literary productions review to help develop an understanding on the importance of short letter tenaciousness as a process of counteracting organizational c rhytidectomys, which is at the read/write head of this study. The Chapter is structured as follows Section 3.2 provees crisis vigilance and take a chance focussing in organizations, to inclose a cleargonr picture of the terminologies. Next, the chapter exits the reader with background knowledge on transaction persistency caution, its importance, and noblelights some organizational go upes utilise in managing try and crisis, including scenario preparedness. Finally, the chapter discusses supplying as an effective BCM process, and strategical homework in a turbulent environment with the aim of clearly aiming the signifi dopece of tune continuity in organizations.In an attempt to congeal crisis management, it is imperative that the te rm crisis is first base explained. Coombs (1999 2) define crisis as an event that is unpredictable and a major bane that support have an adverse effect on an organization, industry, or its stakeholders if im worthyly handled. Similarly, other authors such as Martinelli and Briggs (1998) conceptualize crisis as a bend point, and argue that it is an opportunity for organizations to show their commitment to responsible behaviour (p. 44).Regester (1987 38) likewise acknowledges that crisis often represents turning points in organizational life as they present opportunities to establish a reputation for competence, to shape the organization and to tackle authoritative issues. It is an unpredictable major event that is a threat to an organization or its stakeholders (Goel, 2009 25). Other scholars such as Curtin et al., (2005 3) identify crisis to be of collar kinds those which befalls a company e.g. chemical spillage or plane crash, those that are manufactured, and those that comp ound from an accident.3.2.2 Defining Crisis ManagementCrises Management is all ab come on taking go against of a crisis situation before it engulfs the company. As suitable planning is ingrained to corporeal survival in the event of a crisis, crisis management involves proper handling of a crisis after(prenominal) it occurs. The opening of crisis management has witnessed a fast(a) ontogenesis in the last twenty days. Early phases of this evolution accommodates a six step crises standard by Littlejohn (1983 13) (structure design, selection of crisis police squad, training team members, crisis situation auditing, chance planning, managing the crisis) Finks (1986) seminal quaternary coiffe model (the prodromal cor reply, the crisis break by or acute stage, the chronic stage and resolution stage) Gonzalez-Herrero and Pratt (1995) four phase model for crisis management (planning-prevention, issues management, the actual crisis and the aftermath of the crisis) Augustine ( 1995) six stage of crisis management (identifying the crisis, avoiding the crises, containing the crisis, preparing to manage the crises, resolving the crisis and benefitting from the crisis). Augustine points stunned that for every crisis, there are seeds of success and roots of failure embedded within it and the efficacy to find, reclaim and manage the attainable success is the basis of crisis management.In theory, the debate between scholars of crisis management is mainly about how crisis is defined. Comfort (1988) divides the process of crisis management into preparedness, mitigation, reaction, and recuperation phases. A nonher interesting crisis management model was formulated by Boin et al., (2005). The authors establish their model on four important challenges managers face during the process of crisis management sense-making, decision making, terminating and acquirement. In spite of these, many scholars of crisis and disaster management until now seem to focus much on the triggers, ca mappings or effects instead than how these incidents are actually managed by stakeholders, decision makers and the organizations (Mitroff and Pauchant, 1990).3.3 Crisis and Risk Management in OrganizationsOrganizational crisis have been defined by various scholars even though there is non one universally accepted definition (Simola, 2005). Pearson and Clair (1998) define organizational crisis as a high jolt low luck incident that threatens organizational viability. Crises can potentially cause damage to an organization, and if not properly managed, can contract disasters. Mistakes can very quickly rise from just a little functional issue to a stage that threatens survival (Mittelstaedt, 2004). Therefore, organizations that properly prepare and plan for the future are more probably to succeed (Regester and Larkin, 2005).Fink et al., (2005) points out that to survive in a rapidly changing universe, many organizations must recognize and forecast their env iron environment to enable them develop awareness to the risks that whitethorn affect their workes and strategic directions. Theres little chance for organizations to respond and recover when unforeseen events happen. Therefore, in the seeming event of a crisis or disaster, an organizations level of preparedness and capability of resuming its fixedness descent operations are conceit to be amongst the major goals of senior management (Hanson, 2006).In crisis management, organizations play a crucial role (Clarke, 1999). Carley and Harrald (1997310) peak that organizations should react to disasters by reducing the impact of the disaster carryly in practice, organizations are often the ones that cause crises (Roux-Dufort, 2007). Organizational blueprints fail to balance the potential damaging effects of organizational production (Perrow, 2007) as scholars of organizational management are more often into organizational structure, design and culture, rather than managing and lear ning from unusual events (Pauchant and Mitroff, 1992).Egbuji (1999) introduce risk management as a corporate approach shot to deal with the security threats facing an organization in an attempt to protect its resources and its assets. There are some payoffs of risk management. According to Peart (2006), risk management facilitates future anticipation and rectifys uncertainty swan as it entails conservatively analyzing possible future organizational risks, and developing actions to counteract the risks. The Association of indemnity and Risk Managers (2002) lay emphasis on a calculated approach to risk management and state that risk management should be thought of as a value-adding process linked to strategy since it has the possibility to improve decision making and protect assets.3.3.1 Scenario prepIn an era of rapid change, scenario planning is the practice of planning for different future alternatives, with the aim of mitigating or reducing the risk of getting bombarded by unforeseen incidents or organism unprepared for it (Bishop et al., 2007). Kachaner and Deimler (2008) argue that organizations that implement scenario planning volition intimately likely deal with future uncertainty and risk more high-octanely than those that do not make use of it. As Pollard and Hotho (2006) describe, the idea of scenario planning is to make long range flexible plans by figuring out the impact and nature of the most questionable driving forces that affect the world and shapes bloodline environments i.e. economic, political, environmental and technological trends.According to Barber (2006) scenario planning is used by some leading organizations such as pose and everyday Electric to analyse the various trends and forces that may impact the organization. Scenario planning helps become a linkage between the past and the future by addressing scenarios through with(predicate) strategic planning. Barber (2006) note that Shells scenario planning teams use scenario planning to identify weak signals or signs that will likely have an impact on their transmission line. Methods of scenario planning include imagination, seven-fold perspectives and strategic thinking and in todays environment, its use in the planning process is an important strategy to deal with legion(predicate) uncertainties (Neilson and Stouffer, 2005 26).Scenario planning can be developed for any future period. In the mid-seventies, Shell Group initiated the scenario planning and the corporation builds scenarios every three years for up to a twenty year period others may stand fifteen, ten or a five year period (Scott-Martinet, 2006). In hypothetical situations, scenario planning is useful for planners to see how an event may impact the organization. training out a scenario can withal show the multiple ways in which various components fit together. Planning for the future in any organization is important, as without planning, resources may not be available when take ine d (Scott-Martinet, 2006).Hodgson Tait (1996 3) argue that planning has traditionally followed a comparatively analog approach (i.e. projecting future needs based on true activities). For organizations that have a commitment to this default scenario, the future is drastically adapted when they experience crises, as it becomes difficult to adapt or change. With scenario planning therefore, organizations can recognize future threats and deal with them before crises happen. Scenario planning can withal be utilized in other disaster situations and can most likely help with mitigation, preparedness and prevention efforts if appropriate strategies are embraced. after scenario abstract and development, the organization can then implement strategies to steer towards a survivable future (Hodgson Tait, 1996)Scenario planning can as well be used in emergency management to assist corporations in viewing and understanding itself in a new dimension, and to effectively plan more for the futu re (Alexander, 2002 2). anterior crises and best speculations about the future have generally provided evidence for contingency planners to take decisions about the future (Wilkinson, 1994 5). Nonetheless, by implementing the method of scenario futuring, planners can discuss or document various likely organizational futures, and by exploring these possible futures, scenario planners may acquire knowledge about fundamental issues, forces and trends (Wilkinson, 1994).3.4 dividing line doggedness Management (BCM)Due to its widespread nature, the manner in which business continuity management is implemented will inevitably depend on the nature, complexity and scale of an organizations risk visibleness and the environment in which it operates. It is also fail-safe to presume that as organizations are never in full control of their business surroundings, all organizations will experience a business crisis and continuity event at some point (Shaw, 2004). It is therefore important to search the various functions and functional areas that support the management of crisis events and continuity of business operations, their inter-dependencies, and the factors that will help co-ordinate these functions and functional areas into a comprehensive and integrated programme. pedigree Continuity Management (BCM) has been described in many ways. However, there is not a generally accepted definition (Smit, 2005). BCM is defined by the line of business Continuity Institute as the act of predicting events that will affect the organizations mission-critical processes and functions, and tell that it reacts to any event in a rehearsed and be after way (Gallagher, 2003). The goals of BCM also include making sure there is continuity of critical functions and business operations in all circumstances, foreseeing organizational risks, crises and disasters before they occur, and ensuring fast and efficient response to crisesFigure 3 Framework for Business Continuity ManagementSourc e The British Standard for Business Continuity Management, 2006According to Herbane et al., (2004) and Gibb and Buchanan (2006), BCM involves identifying with an organizations needs, recognizing and managing risks that may interrupt the critical functions of a business, and ensuring effective recovery and business continuity in the event of unanticipated occurrences. BCM assists an organization in mapping out future worst case scenarios and how promptly the organization can renovate its normal operations in the aftermath of a crisis. (Hayes, 2004) is of the opinion that BCM should be a major responsibility of top management as BCM aims to regard lasting survival of the entire organization.Several authors including Gallagher (2003), Herbane et al., (2004), Pitt and Goyal (2004), and Elliott et al., (2010), have debated on the evolution of BCM. In the 1970s, the primary focus of business continuity was on cultivation technology (IT) and recovering computing systems, also disruptio ns caused by disasters such as fires, earthquakes and flooding. In the 1980s, business continuity still included IT but shifted to include other systems and facilities at both business and corporate unit levels. During the 1970s and 1980s, IT focus still played a huge part in business continuity and explains why a big fraction of quick literature on BCM relates to IT continuity (Elliott et al., 2010). However, business continuity was introduced as Business Continuity Management in the late 1990s and early 2000s, and became a process of corporate emulous advantage to contribute to the sustainability and development of different business areas (Gill, 2006).Figure 4 Typology of Continuity ApproachesSource Herbane et al., (2004)Figure 4 above shows that BCM is embedded within crisis management (Herbane et al., 2004). It also shows that disaster recovery planning and business continuity planning are 2 components of BCM these two components are to assist an organization in effectively dealing with crises and disasters before, during and after they occur (Herbane et al., 2004). Herbane et al., (2004) also point out that BCM must influence the all organization and so, in order to succeed, there is need for participation and cross-functional enfolding from various departments in the organization.3.4.1 Importance of Business Continuity ManagementAs previously mentioned, the 21st century has witnessed dramatic transformations in the global business environment. Kubitscheck (2001), Dawes (2004) and Richardson (2009) note that as new risks have emerged, organizational risk theory have also advanced at the lead astray of the new millennium, but these newly emerging risks surpass the pace at which solutions are world devised to counteract them (Kubitscheck, 2001). Therefore, with new terrorist attacks, hi-tech and changing weather patterns, and corporate pecuniary scandals, organizations need a well-resourced, coherent response, integrated and predetermined, but als o docile and flexible (Herbane et al., 2004).Organizations are faced with difficulties in risky and uncertain measure and this can only be excellently managed by preparation and proactive planning (Gage and Reinoso, 2002). An innovative approach is necessary to help organizations in mitigating or reducing the impacts of crises and disasters, by appropriately preparing for, responding to and recovering from unexpected events to ensure business continuity and also to manage security programs proactively (Hinde, 2002).The interest in BCM change magnitude significantly in the early 2000s (Borodzicz, 2005 Smit, 2005) Wong (2009) argues that the growing interest is as a result of natural and man-made disasters such as the September 11 terrorist attacks in the US, which emphasized the importance of BCM in sustaining critical functions of businesses. BCM encompasses corrective and stop systems to risk management through recovery planning and continuity, and through the unvaried testing , training, maintenance and updating of continuity plans. In a global business environment full of insecurities, the long-term survival of businesses very much depends on guaranteed continuity of business operations. BCM is significant to be able to achieve this (Morwood, 1998). Pitt (2010) also argues that when organizations have BCM, they are most likely to suffer less from the warm impact of crises, and can pull through more quickly.According to Brazeau (2008), the BCM profile has noticeably increased in both private and public business organizations as a study conducted by FM Global showed that out of 600 financial executives, about 95% identified BCM to be of moderate to high priority in relation to other managerial functions within their organizations. BCM is gaining change magnitude acceptance amongst many businesses as organizations now understand BCMs present operational value and are beginning to focus more on its enterprise-wide advantage and strategic significance (Mar sh, 2008).3.4.2 Planning as an Effective BCM ProcessSince the root of research on strategic planning, there has been a general consensus that strategic planning is a process that decides when, how, who will plan and how results will be enforced (Gibb and Buchanan (2006). Elliott et al., (2010) however mentions that there is a disagreement between authors regarding the exact structure and components of the process.Figure 4 Structure and Process of Strategic PlanningSource Elliott et al., (2010)Elliott et al., (2010) structure and process of strategic planning (Figure 4) illustrates planning as a systematic process. Most significantly, it identifies the three main areas of the process hypothesis, facial expression of plans, implementation of plans, and evaluation. The structure of strategic planning introduces a conceptual model for small, medium and large organization for outstanding strategic planning. The authors state that the three major types of plans short-range budgets, medi um-range programmes and master strategies are all linked and so, organizations must know exactly what their strategic plan should entail (Elliott et al., (2010). Although planning is not an everyday phenomenon, it must be a continuous process and plans need to be amended and/or reviewed regularly so organizations can respond to changes in the environment (Elliott et al., (2010). The process of strategic planning should therefore start with establishing organizational objectives, mapping out strategies for implementation and then refining the strategies with exhaustive action plans.3.5 Strategic Planning in a Turbulent surroundIn most of the early writings on the planning process, a common characteristic is the role the external environment plays on the organization. economical forecasts were initially used for future planning but with fierce rivalry amongst firms, and the growing complexities of globalization, the role of the environment becomes an essential feature in strategic planning (Brews and Hunt, 1999).In 1988, Arie De Geus, head of Shell cover Companys Strategic Planning Group published a study of the planning processes of Shell. At the time, Shell was known to be one of the most successful oil corporations (and arguably still is today). De Geus mention that the key to the corporations success was its ability to switch from a much slower pace in stagnant times, to a survival-mode in turbulent times. He concludes that planning simply means changing minds (De Gues, 1988). allow for (2003) point out that strategic planning in the oil field is characterized by an unstable business environment. The authors study explores how and if strategic planning methods can be put to effective use in an uncertain environment. administers analysis of six major oil companies (BP, Chevron, Exxon, Mobil, Shell and Texaco) affirms that over the last ex and a half, these major oil companies recognized key amendments in their strategic planning practices. (Grant, 2003 502) asserts that while the basic framework (cycle and key phases) of strategic planning changed very little, planning roles, the content of strategic plans, and the process of strategic planning within the companies management systems changed significantly. In spite of little variations in interpretation, Grant (2003) note that similarities in each of the oil companies planning processes were sufficient to pull in a generic strategic planning cycle as seen in Figure 5.Figure 5 The Generic Planning Cycle among the Oil MajorsSource Grant (2003)Planning provides a mechanism for the reflexion of decentralised strategy and has now become a process of planned emergence (Grant, 2003 491). In recent years, the processes of strategic planning have become more informal and decentralised, while planning strategies have changed considerably in line with the fast changing environments organizations operate in. Todays business environment is graceful more volatile due to political in stabili ty, natural disasters and economic-slowdown and requires leaders and organizations to be more proactively prepared and resilient to face the unexpected (Grant, 2003).Ramirez et al., (2008) discuss that with the modify nature of many big firms and the growing rate of environmental changes, predictability and stability can no longer guarantee the success of businesses, but the ability to implement decisions under uncertain circumstances and the flexibility of adjusting to varying competitive conditions becomes critical factors of success (p. 264). The authors propose that in a crisis turbulent environment, management executives can increase strategic and organizational capabilities by establishing strategic visions, creating strategic unity and successive adaptation, encouraging transformational leadership, modifying organizational practices, and increasing organizational capacity for change.3.6 Chapter SummaryChapter 3 is a review of relevant literature to provide the reader with a n overview of crisis management and business continuity management in organizations. In the literature, various approaches to organizational crisis management exist that have been discussed i.e. risk management, scenario planning, and business continuity management. The literature presents a background to the fundamentals of strategic planning and scenario futuring, and discusses business continuity, a management process that is becoming more and more recognized by many organizations, as a new approach to crisis management.Business continuity management provides corrective and preventive measures to organizations to improve their response and recovery capabilities against disasters and unexpected crises. Using existing literature and a takings of empirical studies, the author provides evidence to support the discussion on BCM as an organizational strategy that challenges senior managers and top level management to treasure the art of strategic planning, in anticipation of some of the unexpected eventualities of an progressively chaotic and turbulent business environment.

Factors in Health Services Management

Factors in Health Services ManagementMembersJoanne TolentinoRosarie Ann Nicole TrespecesKargonnne MeloDaisy Kumari ShresthaThe ever changing wellness system poses challenges that require capacity and cap berthfulness in attaining achievement. Managing a wellness c atomic number 18 industry requires extensive subsistledge, skills and positive attitude in order to run the placement effectively and efficiently. To name an in-depth chthonicstanding on operations management and formational movement, in this paper equal ripe(p)s in public wellness c atomic number 18, demographic information, epidemiological characteristics, public wellness, husbandry, sources of provide, and political aspects of the shaping will be discussed.Demographic, Epidemiological and companionable environmentIn the wellness care arena, the primary focus of the health professionals is to go out care for the upset and promote health and well-being to people. The constant challenge, however, is to g ive equal rights for them to devote regain to public health. Equal rights for people is almost the goal non of just a single cheek, but of both nation for their local anaesthetics. Thus, equating in the deli real of health services must be find at all times that no single shall be disadvantaged of access to public health, regardless of age, color, ethnicity, gender, or socio scotch background.The surge of the grippe incidence in Auckland, tender Zealand alarms Kiwi-Asian perspective medical checkup Center (KPMC) to concur necessary actions. To prevent transmission or halt the health problem, KPMC not only prepares the skilled staff to provide but as well as r for each onees let out to organizations to address the health problem. Although income or money plays a crucial image in de marginining the type of service a person modify with influenza or any health problem could afford, the (KPMC) aspires to provide holistic care with mellow consideration to health e lin eament and Treaty of Waitangi. This meat that the hospital practices free financial access to health services that each individualistic is entitled to receive holistic care.The health bud pee is generated from the New Zealand political sympathies or fund from the ministry of health. To ensure that equality is addressed, the hospital will conduct research controls on how to bridge or reason out gaps in health and well-disposed inequalities. Hence, health policies and laws shall be formulated. Other alliances, non-profit organizations, and interior(a) and inter content organizations related to health will be requested to provide support to attain KPMCs aspiration in providing equality in health by dint of financial free services to all. jibe to Bonita and Kjellstrom (2006), epidemiology is that the probe of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations and the act of this breeding to the prevention and control of the health p roblems. The epidemiological data are employed to arrange and measure methods to prevent disease and as a guide to the management of the patients in whom illness has already developed.For the epidemiologic study various demographic data much(prenominal) as population, gender, age group, ethnicity categories are required. The main features of epidemiology is the assessment of the disease outcome in a take chances of the population. The risk of population is the group of people, healthy or sick, population from antithetical ethnic group, different age group, and a different gender. Hence, statistical data for epidemiological study and the primary source of demographic data screwing take from the census is much needed. New Zealand is derived from the national census, which is carried out every five years. Census encompasses information about variables, including age, gender, ethnicity, birthplace, occupation, accommodation, education, socioeconomic status, divorce, employment, long term illness etc. The analytical techniques applied to epidemiological data lie of general statistical preliminaryes as well as special techniques that construct been developed to fit the needs of particular epidemiological study designs. eon mathematical formula which may be functiond for statistical data, such as live birth, deaths, fetal deaths, marriages, migrates, health and disease etc, (Koch, 2015).According to ball Health Organization (2015), conditions in which individual bears, nurture, live and work that bear upon an extensive variety of health, operating and life quality results are the social determinants of health. These conditions are formed by the delivery of financial, authority and properties at national and global levels. Resources that improve quality of life chamberpot have an primary(prenominal) inspiration on population health outcomes such as steady-going and reasonable housing, education access, safety in public, healthy food availability, local and health emergency and environments free of life- threatening. Breakthrough reports on movements to expand health and reduce inequalities has been created by the World Health Organization (WHO).Social health inequalities that have impact on the spread of influenza in Auckland are health looks such as unhealthy diet and inactive lifestyle, social environment or social characteristic like low income, tangible environment wherein where the individual lives and the living conditions and health services such as access to low quality health care or having no insurance coverage. These determinants of health also interact with and influence person behaviors too, and these also contributes in the development of social patterning of health, illness and disease. One and all has the right to achieve holistic health that is the reason why government and non- government organizations are combating and addressing those determinants of health.Cultural and Political EnvironmentAccording to Root (2015), impertinent environment of an organization is those factors which affect the outside of an organizations ability to function smoothly. Among the five away general environment factors which affect the organization directly one of the most critical external factors is economic environment. According to Jorge (2014), this factor talks about the comprehensive of the nature of economic system of the country, business cycle, the socio economic infrastructure etc. Other external factors, including sub judice or ethical, political, technological and international factors that relate to the apprizes, attitudes and concerns of the target people and their economic capabilities to afford the services. The political, ethical and legal environment related to the organizational laws and to play the ethical or social responsibility standards to the communities Gupta (2009).Organizational CultureThe Kiwi-Asian opinion Medical Center is a Christian, government-run unveiling committed to deliver high quality holistic care to the poor, sick and the dying. This institution strongly turn over that every knob, regardless of their ethnicity and culture, should feel comfortable, safe and secured just like home. Thus, Kiwi-Asian Persuasion Medical Center became known for its feel-at-home ambiance (Study, 2003).The hospital is painted with soft, spirited colors to promote calmness. For a more relaxing place, lazy male child chairs are provided for both the visitors and the clients. All employees must greet every client coming in and out of the hospital with a warm smile. though they are in a hospital, patients should feel the comfort of their own home.Also, the success of this organization is beca make use of of the core values that this institution upholds (Riley, 2014. Cultural diversity is one of the core values of the culture of this institution. The workforce want all clients to be treated like family despite cultural differences. Diversity should be respected and embrace within the workplace.Another core value of this institution is group spirit, working hand in hand in providing care to the clients. Thus, creating a positive relationship with colleagues and clients. Accountability for the actions, decisions and policies made when providing care for the patient. It is also very important to practice counterweight. Every employee shall maintain a healthy work-life balance to avoid poor performance. Lastly, excellence in providing the best quality health care service shall be upheld at all times. This is by shake moments of optimism in giving care in order to create value and make a difference in the lives of every client that is admitted in this institution (Wendy, 2013). By aligning the signifi brookce of these values with the employees, Kiwi-Asian Persuasion Medical Center has successfully created a strong organizational culture.Task external environmentThe task environment is closer to the organization and includes the sectors that conduct day-after-day transactions with the organization and directly influence its basic operations and performance (Daft, 2012). External task environment includes competitors, competitors, suppliers, and labour market.Customers are the people and organizations in the environment that acquire goods or services from the organizations. In the health care, patients are the customers of the hospital. The success of the organization largely depends on them since they are the recipient of care. The delight of the patients mirror the performance of the employees and how the managers run the organization.Competitors are the organization in the akin industry. They present challenges as they vie for customers in a marketplace with homogeneous products or services (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt., 2014). In the health care, competitors are public health organizations like hospitals that provide similar health services. According to Gupta (2009), it is important to know all the competitors, their organizational size and skills pool, their competitive advantages, their marketing strategies, off bring development. The main point here is to maintain standards by observing quality assurance and keep customers despite the existence of similar organizations.Suppliers provide the naked literals the organizations produce its output (Daft, 2012). In health care, the needed resources are the hospital supplies and equipment used in the delivery of care. They affect the organization because of the dependency of the organization on the raw materials to provide adequate care. Thus, a good group up is necessary to receive high quality supplies at pass up prices in order to save money while maintaining quality (Daft, 2012). application market as stated by Johnson (n.d.) refers to the people a society hires to fill its position. Employees in the hospital should be more than competent and with definite characteristics in order to maintain quality services and uphold global compet itiveness. Those who are involved in direct patient care should be highly qualified, skilled or trained otherwise poor health services will be afforded to patients. This in turn would cause misemploy and danger to both the organization and the population of people being cared for.Sources of forefingerAccording to Raven (2015), leadership management and power are relatively connected. Individuals have the tendency to obey people who are powerful. Leaders have different power for different reason. designer is the capability to influence the behavior of other individual with or without enforcing force by means of several(a) strategies to make a necessary action. It is an instrument that can end up to either optimistic or pessimistic results in an institution. Power is a fundamental and unpreventable part in any institution. No leaders can be effective and competent starved of understanding and use of suitable power. There are two (2) types of power, the position power and the per sonalized power. Under position power, includes legitimate power, issue power and coercive power. On the other hand, salutary power and referent power falls under personal power (French, 2012).Legitimate power is lots called positional power. This power originates from the position, character reference and status of an individual in an institution. It typically consist of imposing authority. Reward power emanates from the capacity of an individual to deliberate treasured material rewards or produce added positive incentives. Incentives take account of increase salary, role promotion and positive commendations and appraisal. Coercive power is the capacity to impact individual by means of threat and giving of sanctions and negative penalties which encompasses of direct arouse or suppression of anticipated rewards.Knowledge is a power. Expert power comes from an individuals superior skills and knowledge in a trustworthy area. Individuals who exert expert power is usually valued b y the institution for their problem solving skills as they can accomplish critical responsibilities. referent power comes from the capacity of a person to appeal individuals and form their reliability and fidelity. This power comes from appeal and charisma.According to B. Meadows (2011), all sources of power can be used in combination and people often have access to more than one power for the benefit and advancement of the institutions. Leaders use diverse power tactic to force other individual into coveted actions and movements.For the KPMC, reward power will be highly employed as it tends to have an influence, impression and impact on the actions, behaviors and attitudes of the employees. Consequently, it will greatly do and inspire employees to be an effective and efficient part of the team and to work better as there will be a reward waiting. Rewards can be either tangible or intangible. Even evidently openly or secretly admiring an employee for a task well make is delibe rated as reward power and can be a semiprecious administration tool. By employing reward power in the institution, leaders can make an alteration from controlling and leading to modelling and impelling the egression and development of the employees by using reinforcing reward power. Opinions, ideas, decisions of leaders who exercise expert power are held in high regard by the employees hence, greatly impact and affects their actions and behaviors.Good and Bad Political AspectsIn all organizations, struggle and problems may arise due to competition or rival interests among groups and individuals (Mitchell, 2005). The tension brought about by diversity should be resolved through political means. However, political relation has also its downside that can sometimes lead to the tally destruction of the organization. Negative politics include the use of wrong tactics to regain power. One negative fire they use is backstabbing wherein a person pretends to be a friend but all the whi le talking about you in detrimental ways behind your back. An example of these is motto something bad about your friend to your other colleagues to destroy her reputation. Another approach is to embrace or demolish rivals in your organization who has suffered past hurts. It is when you excitation people who do not favor the takeover. Next is stealing credence to people whom credit is due. Also, territorial games exist which involve competing for resources that gives power such as relationships, authority and information. Good mouthing an employee to make them transferrable is also an unethical tactic. It usually happens when an unwanted employee is suddenly given an outstanding performance which makes her more marketable and more prone for a transfer. Another negative approach is putting a weak manager in place to benefactor secure your position. It usually happens when a manager hires an incompetent assistant manager who is more unlikely to get a promotion. Continuous use of th ese unethical tactics may undermine organizational goals.However, by promoting good politics it channels away employees from using negative tactics. Some influential tactics use is leading by example. A manager must be a role model to her employees by being consistent with her run-in and actions. Next is using consultation to encourage employees for their ideas and opinions. Assertiveness as a positive tactic is also practiced. This refers to being straightforward with the person without violating their rights. Managers often use reasoning and logic as an influential tactic to get employees to follow their orders. Another is ingratiation wherein a person acts friendly when communicate others for a favor. Lastly, exchange is also an approach for influencing employees by offering a barter with others. When these political tactics are used appropriately it can promote positive resolution to the tension rising in the organization (Mitchell, 2005).ReferencesArticle Library. (2015). Typ es of Power in Leadership. Retrieved on sue 28, 2015, from http//www.yourarticlelibrary.com/business-management/6-important-types-of-power-in-leadership/2560/Bonita, R., Beaglehole,R., Kjellstrom, T. (2006). Basic epidemiology. Retrieved on March 26, 20015 from http//whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241547073_eng.pdfCreative Vision Foundation. (n.d.). What is epidemiology? Retrieved on March 26, 2015 from http//www.bmj.com/about-bmj/resources-readers/publications/epidemiology-uninitiated/1-what-epidemiologyDaft, R. (2012). Management tenth ed. USA South-Western, Cengage Learning.Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. (2014). The External Environment. Retrieved on March 27, 2015 from http//www.cliffsnotes.com/more-subjects/principles-of-management/managerial-environments/the-external-environmentJohnson, S. (n.d.). quintet Components of an Organizations External Environment. Retrieved March 29 from http//yourbusiness.azcentral.com/five-components-organizations-external-environment-8944.htm lMind Tools. (2015). Five Forms of Power. Retrieved on March 28, 2015, from http//www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_56.htmMitchell, R. (2005). Introduction to Organizational Politics. Retrieved on March 23, 2015, from www.csun.edu/hfmgt001/politics.docRiley, J. (2014). Organizational Culture- The life-or-death Importance of nerve centre Values. Retrieved on March 22, 2015, from http//beta.tutor2u.net/business/blog/organisational-culture-the-crucial-importance-of-core-valuesRoot, G. (2015). Five Components of an Organizations External Environment. Retrieved on March 28. 2015 from http//smallbusiness.chron.com/five-components-organizations-external-environment-17634.htmlStudy. (2003). What is Organizational culture? Definition Characteristics. Retrieved on March 22, 2015, from http//study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-organizational-culture-definition-characteristics.htmlThe Fast Track. (2011). Five Types of Power in Leadership. Retrieved on March 28, 2015, from http//quickbase.i ntuit.com/blog/2011/08/26/the-5-types-of-power-in-leadership/Wendy. (2013). Company Core Values Why to have them and How to define them. Retrieved on March 22, 2013, from http//blog.7geese.com/2013/03/12/benefits-of-having-core-values-and-how-to-set-them-in-your-organization/

Is Bottled Water Better Than Tap Water Environmental Sciences Essay

Is Bottled pee develop Than beleaguer piss environsal Sciences EssayDark clouds of bottled pee indus correct ar spreading all over the mentalitys of innocent US consumers day by day. These clouds pour drops of rain that is laundry brains and pockets of consumers together. Bottled irrigate industry, as the name suggest, is an industry that is selling a expel gift of nature very efficiently. According to Natural Resources defensive mea true Council (NRDC), disseminates than half of the US population discombobulates bottled body of pee system. The consumers atomic number 18 non just generous white Ameri stinkers, but overly low income Hispanics, Blacks and Asians (NRDC). The sales of bottled water ar increasing repairly fashioning it the second most ever consumable discombobulate later soda aft(prenominal) soda, says Elizabeth Royte, an Ameri gutter author, in her bear Bottlemania (67). This enormous sale of bottled water tries to prove that it is a consume r choice product. People, who atomic number 18 drinking bottled water, view bottled water as a regular custom product. However, the reality is otherwise. This really simple product has remarkably concurred the minds of consumers by making them believe that it is the pu remnant form of drinkable water with no negative effects. thirstiness stricken consumers capture easily fallen into the pit created by bottled water industry. This industry is non scarcely affecting the minds of hatful, but is to a fault hurt our environment. Royte analyzed the bottling plants in different regions of the US and concluded that these industries are suction water from itsy-bitsy towns by forcefully owning some(a) matchlesss private property making the water level to decrease other water reservoirs of those areas (256). One more than problem that comes in clinging with these gauzy bottles is the recycling issue. Only a small percentage of these bottles get recycled and the rest is dumped in to landfills (Royte 34). Overall, bottled water industry is a culprit of effecting environmental and human wellness.How mass feel almost the safety amidst apply bottled water instead of bang water dep completions on the gunpoint to which they have internalized the ideology of the purchase order. The well-known Ameri passel Attorney, Gerry Spence discusses ideological control in his article, Easy in the Harness The Tranny of Freedom. He says that populate have been so controlled by the ideology of society, that it has become very difficult for them to make rattling free decision. Spences contention is clearly demonstrated in those who believe that custom of bottled water is far healthier and safe than smash water. According to Naideinko, a medical surveyor and a writer, bottled water is also a very much leading ca call of spreading number of harmful diseases, in some cases fatal including cancer. In other words, bottled water can be totally revese of being healthier. bla me was a study channel that provided people with drinking water throughout the world until in 1977, when bottled water was introduced says Elizabeth Royte , an American author, in her interview with Ira Flatow, a National humans radiocommunication host that it was the first branded packaged water in the US. It wampumed as a fashion symbol, and led its way to a health rescuer (Royte). This journey of bottled water from a fancy commodity to a demand seems to be a very difficult one because buying something that is visible(prenominal) close for free does not make sense. Think about salaried for oxygen. If a comp either claims to sell pure and pollution free oxygen in plastic cans, would anyone like to buy it? This question is of course ridiculous. So, after looking at the sale of bottled water one question strikes the wires of mind is that how bottled water became a business when tippytoe water is available almost for free.Anne Leonard, an environmental activist, says in her online video, The Story of Bottled Water that it (sale of bottled water) all started when soda companies entangle that their business is falling. They, in order to keep up their business, made a unique decision that is selling water. They labeled in Perrier and started selling it. It was not an easy goal. So they utilise marketing demand (Leonard). Further, She adds that bottled water companies used three strategies including scaring the consumers, seducing them and shoddy them. They scared the consumers by making them believe that slant water is for sure hazardous to health. Elizabeth Royte in her book, Bottlemania, states a quote by Robert S. Morrison, vice chairman of PepsiCo, The biggest enemy is tumble water(Royte 170). So, if tap water is an enemy, which way it can harm the consumers, then what is to drink? The answer was obvious the only water from pristine springs of Fiji or other pure water sources comes the misleading part. Almost 40% of bottled water is just filter ed tap water and this applies to major brands like Aquafina and Dasani (Royte). So, the pictures of pritisine waterfalls and ever green forests is nothing but just a scam. The technique of scaring, seducing and misleading is working really successfully. Bottled water is seen everywhere including schools, offices, stations, airports and hospitals says Jane0t Majeski Jemmot, a Readers Digest writer, in her article, Rethink What You Drink Growing Thurst. It is indeed a joyous event for bottled water companies because they made impossible, possible just by making environment to pay a heavy price for a inbred resource that is techni forecasty already free.After bottled water succeeded to happen upon confidence of consumers, its growth started to mount. Actually Bottled water industry is working on the mechanism of viruses that enter human body unchecked and then they start replicating every minute. People in America consume nine million congiuss of bottled water that sums up to hundr eds of millions of dollars says Martin Lewis, an internationally recognized water expert and a critical writer, in his article, addressly Water Bottled and Sold The History posterior Our fixing with Bottled Water. Such a huge consumption of bottled water is not a good news because when bottled water is compared with tap water, barely any difference can be seen.Moreover, tap water has to follow more strict regulations than bottled water when it comes to purity. FDA (The US Food and Drug Administration), that regulates bottled water and EPA (Environmental security Agency),that regulates tap water have different rules regarding the contents and step of bottled water. NRDC (Natural Resources Defense Council), an environmental group, provides a data showing the difference between the rules of FDA and EPA in its article, Bottled Water Pure or Hype? The data shows that testing relative frequency for bacteria in bottled water and big city tap water is once a week and hundred times a week respectively. It further states that bottled water companies are not call for by to have certified operators ,whereas big city tap water requires certified technician to do the job. Most surprisingly, FDA doesnt give consumer any right of knowing what is in the bottle. On the other hand, big city tap water department is required to let people know what is in the tap water. Catherine Golub, an environmentalist, in her article, silver-tongued assest Is Bottled Water Really Better Than Whats on Tap? She states that FDA regulates bottled water as a food product and it receives less federal inspection that tap water, which is controlled by EPA with strict standards. She further discussed the survey of NRDC,a nonprofit consumer group, conducted on 103 brands of bottled water. The results showed that one third exceeded the state limits of contamination with bacteria and chemicals. Also, only 5% of these bottles met the standards of fluoridated/regular water. It turns out that bottle d water is no healthier than tap water.Next perplexity is about the plastic bottle itself. These bottles are made out of court (Polyethylene Terephthalate). According an article, Bottled water may turn out hormones Plastic, by Janet Raloff, this water may also pack a substantial quantity of estrogen-mimicking pollution, according to researchers at Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt(3). He discusses an experiment done on snails by Johann Wolfgang Goethe University experts. both species of snails that were very sensitive to estrogen were placed in plastic and water ice water (one in each). The snail in bottled water showed an enormous production of embryos concluding that plastic can leach estrogen into water. Obviously, estrogen can cause genetic changes when males are subjected to it. Even though, bottled water is a small package but it has huge circumstances.Apart from the health issues, bottled water also helps human beings in degrading the environment in the f orm of spheric warming, water waste and increase in scraps. Making of these bottles requires a lot of oil (to delineate the plants). When this oil is burned, it adds to global warming as mentioned in, Water Wars Bottled or Tap, by Mother country refreshings. One can oppugn that how much oil is it?. The answer shows a mounting 1.5 million gallons of oilenough to run 100,000 cars for a whole year, while transporting these bottles burns thousands more gallons of oil (Mother Earth News). Moreover, the water used for reverse osmosis of bottled water is a lot more than one showed on the store shelves. It takes 3-9 gallons of water to get 1 gallon of water using purification plants. Apart from purification, a large pith of water is used to cool down and wash the water plants (Royte 140). temporary hookup umteen lakes in the US are drying up and people prolong from water shortage, bottled water companies keep on wasting them. Elizabeth Royte, an American author, in her book, Bo ttlemania says that Lake Superior, Huron, and Michighan which contain 20% of worlds water surface are becoming infuse since late 1990s. Nestle pumps 114 trillion gallons a year from groundwater that goes to Lake Michigan (201). Last, comes the garbage problem.After a bottle is produced using a lot of water and oil, we drink it in about just 1-2 minutes. In this era of divergence green, almost everyone is concerned about the recycling of waste and maintaining a clean-living healthy environment. So, now a question arises that do these bottles fill the criteria of environmental friendly? According to The Story of the Bottled Water, by Anne Lenard, an environmentalist, 80% of the used bottles end up in incinerators, where they burn to produce toxic gases or they are dumped underground, where it takes about 1000 years for them to degrade thus making a healthy land unavailable for a long period of time. The be is recycled. Here the term recycle doesnt mean they are recycled immediatel y after being used. These bottles are shipped all the way to India to get recycled, again using a lot of fuel. The story doesnt end here. In India, ideally these bottles are supposed to be recycled, but unfortunately that is not what happens. These bottles remain in that respect as big heaps of plastic, or they are thrown into someones acantha yard creating a problem for them. In this course of bottled water production to its disposal, the need is of about 1-2 minutes but the time required for the rest of the course is 1000 times more.Bottled water not only affects health of humans and earth, but also deprives us from money. The ecological foot ingrain is not negligible. The price of bottled water is a lot more than tap water. People in the US are paying up to $2.50 to $ 3.00 per gallon that is even more than that of petrol says Amanda Woods, a journalist and a producer, in her article, The Cost of Bottled Water. On the other hand, the price of tap water in the United States is $ 1.50 for 1,000 gallons or less than a penny a gallon. So, people are paying 1000 folds for something that is virtually free. This money can be used for other take.Even though bottled water has its cons, its pros are forcing its stentorian sale. First of all, it is easy to carry. Its light weight and soft plastic (so it can squeeze into pockets of back packs) makes it convenient to carry when going out. Secondly, it is already filtered water i.e. you dont have to filter water every time you want to drink it. Also, it is light in weight unlike the metallic bottles that can be used to carry water. IBWA (International Bottled Water Association) provides information about the regulations of bottled water. Many bottled water companies have decreased the weight of bottled water to 36.2% according to bottled water newsman section of IBWA. Also, tap water in many areas of the US is contaminated. Tap water has been reported to contain life threatening chemicals such as lead. Mireya Navarr o, a New York Times reporter, in her article, Higher Levels of rent Seen in Tap Water, mentions that elevated levels of lead are reported in New Yorks water. According to Environmental Protection Agency 15 parts per billion of lead in water is considered to be elevated. The amount of lead run aground in New York city water is reported to be 16 parts per billion. However, the portability is not enough to cover up for all the bowl over that bottle water causes to health, wealth and environment. Also, bottled water is not a dissolving agent to water problems.The first step to save health, wealth and environment is to try the tap water again. It does take a lot of courage because people are mentally scared from it-thanks to the bottled water companies. Tap water is environment friendly with no economic or environmental problems. Tap water in the US is best for drinking because EPA regulates water to make sure no contaminants get through the tap (Royte 220). Cynthia Dougherty, direct or of the EPAs Office of Groundwater and inebriety Water says, I wouldnt hesitate to drink tap anywhere in the country (Royte 220). This solves the problem for most of the tap water concerns. Local tap water utilities can be contacted any time to get tap water checked. Also, bottled water costs up to 10,000 times more per gallon than tap water as stated in an article by Mother Earth News, Water Wars Bottled or Tap?. About the quality of tap water Eric Glodstein, a water specialist from NRDC says, The citys water is just about pristine(Royte 101). It is easy to find out the quality of tap water. Customers can call the EPAs toll-free safe drinking water Hotline at 800-426-4791, or get a line the website for the Campaign for Safe and Affordable Drinking Water can as stated by Jannet Majeksi.Second step is to cut back on bottled water. With the availability of stainless steel bottles, it has become easy to avoid bottled water. These bottles can be used to carry water. Majeski points out that water that comes out of tap is safe. Generally, contaminants in drinking water dont go over the limitations of EPA, but if at that place are still concerns like chlorine smell or savvy then filters can serve the purpose. Elizabeth Royte talks about Brita filters that she uses, in her book, Bottlemania(224). going back to tap and cutting back on bottled water, are two necessary steps in saving the health of environment.Furthermore, many campaigns are going on in different states of the US against bottled water. Government is also taking part in these campaigns. San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom has banned bottled water workout in the city says Mayor Gavin Newsom issued an executive phasing out the citys bottled water use says Shawn Query, an author, in his article, SAN FRANS BOTTLED WATER BAN. Natural Resources defense Council (NRDC) is an environmental group. Its main agent is to invoke awareness among people about the safe use of natural resources. It provides report s about the quality of tap water in almost every city across the US. Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) is another(prenominal) group working for the security of water. It organizes events to help the consumers seek awareness about the quality of bottled water and its effects on environment. This year it is organized a water week 5-11 September. The theme was, The water quality challenge. Other than organizations many public institutes are also taking steps. For example, college students along with volunteers from Corporate answerableness International, a vigorous group, every summer hold events at public places. In these events, they fill water from different sources and challenge people to drink it. Mostly people cant differentiate between bottled and tap water (Royte 140-141).The problems like health issues and environmental pollution, needs a serious precaution by both public and government, and this issue as whole needs to be brought up on a higher level of society , so that everyone will get well-aware of this deception. In order to have that completed, every one-on-one has to stand up by him/her self. Otherwise, in the essence of Spences argument our Blind-minded society will have to suffer one day.Work Cited1).Bullers , Anne Christiansen. Bottled Water Better Than the Tap? FDA consumer magazine.July-August. 2010. 6. Nov. 2010. web2) Golub, Catherine. Liquid Assets Is Bottled Water Really Better Than Whats On Tap?(Cover story).Environmental Nutrition 24.9 (2001) 1. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 16 Nov. 2010.3) International Bottled Water association. 4 Nov. 2010.4) Jemot, Janet Majeski. Bottled Water Vs. Tap Wtaer. Readers Digest.com. 8 Nov. 2010.5) Leonard, Anne. The Story of Bottled Water. 17 March. 2010. YouTube. 6 Nov. 2010. Web6) Lewis, Martin W. Costly water Bottled and Sold The History Behind Our Obsession withBottled Water. Issues in Science Technology 27.1 (2010) 85-88. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 16 Nov. 2010.7 ) McGrath, Tom, and Kate Dailey. liquid state ASSETS. Mens Health (10544836) 19.2 (2004)142-149.Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 24 Nov. 2010.8) Natural Resources Defense Council. Navarro, Mireya. Higher Levels Of Lead Seen In TapWater. New York Times 5 Nov. 2010A28(L). Global Issues In Context. Web. 7 Nov. 2010.9) Olga, Naidienko. Bottled Water May Be Harmful. Opposing viewpoints Resources center.Detroit, Greenhaven Press, 2010. Print.10) Query, Shawn. SAN FRANS BOTTLED WATER BAN. E The Environmental Magazine18.5 (2007) 24.Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 24 Nov. 201011) Raloff, Janet. Bottled water may contain hormones Plastics. Science News. Magazine ofthe Society for Science and Public, 12 March 2009. Web. 4 Nov. 2010.Royte Elizabeth. Interview with Ira Flatow. Why Americans Are Obsessed With BottledWater. npr 23 Nov 2010. Web12) Royte, Elizabeth. Bottlemania. First. New York Bloomsbury, 2008. Print.13) Spence, Gerry. Easy in the Harness The Tyranny of Freedom. From fr eedom to thralldomthe Rebirth of Tyranny in America. New York St. Martins Griffin, 1989. 51-63. Print.Water Wars Bottled or Tap?. Mother Earth News 226 (2008) 19. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 16 Nov. 2010.14) Woods, Amanda. The Cost of Bottled Water. Suit101.com 17 Jun. 2009. Web. 3Nov.2010.